An analytical approach to the forensic identification of different classes of new psychoactive substances (NPSs) in seized materials

Rossi, Sabina Strano; Odoardi, Sara; Gregori, Adolfo; Peluso, G.; Ripani, Luigi; Ortar, Giorgio; Serpelloni, Giovanni; Romolo, Francesco Saverio

doi:10.1002/rcm.6969

Cited by 77 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The present analytical approach, based on the combination of the information obtained employing different analytical techniques, already adopted for the identification of unknown seized samples, allowed the identification of bk‐2‐CB in the seized material. bk‐2‐CB, to our knowledge, is not at the moment an explicitly controlled substance in any country, although in Italy it can be considered an analogue of cathinones and therefore scheduled.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the designer drug bk‐2C‐B (2‐amino‐1‐(bromo‐dimethoxyphenyl)ethan‐1‐one) by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry without and with derivatization with 2,2,2‐trichloroethyl chloroformate, liquid chromatography/high‐resolution mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance

Frison

Odoardi

Frasson

et al. 2015

Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the designer drug bk‐2C‐B (2‐amino‐1‐(bromo‐dimethoxyphenyl)ethan‐1‐one) by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry without and with derivatization with 2,2,2‐trichloroethyl chloroformate, liquid chromatography/high‐resolution mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance

Frison

Odoardi

Frasson

et al. 2015

Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry

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“…Four of the six compounds (UR-144, XLR-11, AKB-48, and AB-FUBINACA) have been identified in samples of synthetic cannabinoids obtained on the street (Kavanagh et al, 2013; Uchiyama et al, 2013; Strano Rossi et al, 2014). All six of the compounds have been found in blood or urine samples (or identified by verbal report) of users reporting adverse effects (Behonick et al, 2014; Gugelmann et al, 2014; Mohr et al, 2014; Strano Rossi et al, 2014), and the use of UR-144 or XLR-11 has been reported in cases of driving under the influence (Lemos, 2014; Musshoff et al, 2014). Of further concern, several of these compounds have been reported to produce significant adverse effects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol-like effects of novel synthetic cannabinoids found on the gray market

Gatch

Forster

2015

Behavioural Pharmacology

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When synthetic cannabinoid compounds became controlled by state and federal governments, different, non-controlled compounds began to appear as marijuana substitutes. Unlike the scheduled cannabinoids, the newer compounds have not been characterized for potency and efficacy in preclinical studies. The purpose of these experiments was to determine whether some of the more recent synthetic compounds sold as marijuana substitutes have behavioral effects similar to those of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), the pharmacologically active compound in marijuana. The compounds UR-144, XLR-11, AKB-48 (APINACA), PB-22 (QUPIC), 5F-PB-22 and AB-FUBINACA were tested for locomotor depressant effects in male Swiss-Webster mice and subsequently for their ability to substitute for Δ9-THC (3 mg/kg, i.p.) in drug discrimination experiments with male Sprague-Dawley rats. UR-144, XLR-11, AKB-48, and AB-FUBINACA each decreased locomotor activity for up to 90 min, whereas PB-22 and 5F-PB-22 produced depressant effects lasting 120-150 min. Each of the compounds fully substituted for the discriminative stimulus effects of Δ9-THC. These findings confirm the suggestion that these compounds have marijuana-like psychoactive effects and abuse liability.

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“…It does not appear that a formal study of the fragmentation mechanisms of cathinones, including ethylone, has been completed, however, the origins of many of the characteristic fragments have been proposed 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of polymorphism in ethylone hydrochloride: synthesis and characterization

Maheux

Alarcon

Copeland

et al. 2015

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Ethylone, a synthetic cathinone with psychoactive properties, is a designer drug which has appeared on the recreational drug market in recent years. Since 2012, illicit shipments of ethylone hydrochloride have been intercepted with increasing frequency at the Canadian border. Analysis has revealed that ethylone hydrochloride exists as two distinct polymorphs. In addition, several minor impurities were detected in some seized exhibits. In this study, the two conformational polymorphs of ethylone hydrochloride have been synthesized and fully characterized by FTIR, FT‐Raman, powder XRD, GC‐MS, ESI‐MS/MS and NMR (13C CPMAS, 1H, 13C). The two polymorphs can be distinguished by vibrational spectroscopy, solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction. The FTIR data are applied to the identification of both polymorphs of ethylone hydrochloride (mixed with methylone hydrochloride) in a laboratory submission labelled as 'Ocean Snow Ultra’. The data presented in this study will assist forensic scientists in the differentiation of the two ethylone hydrochloride polymorphs. This report, alongside our recent article on the single crystal X‐ray structure of a second polymorph of this synthetic cathinone, is the first to confirm polymorphism in ethylone hydrochloride. © 2015 Canada Border Services Agency. Drug Testing and Analysis published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. © 2015 Canada Border Services Agency. Drug Testing and Analysis published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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An analytical approach to the forensic identification of different classes of new psychoactive substances (NPSs) in seized materials

Cited by 77 publications

References 23 publications

Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol-like effects of novel synthetic cannabinoids found on the gray market

Identification of polymorphism in ethylone hydrochloride: synthesis and characterization

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