An analysis of wintertime navigational accidents in the Northern Baltic Sea

Goerlandt, Floris; Goite, Habtamnesh; Banda, Osiris A. Valdez; Höglund, Anders; Ahonen-Rainio, Paula; Lensu, Mikko

doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2016.09.011

Cited by 88 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The presence of ice modifies both the traffic patterns and risks, but also introduces traffic system features that are not present in open water conditions-especially icebreaker assistance and speed reduction and besetting due to ice conditions. AIS data have been used to assess the winter navigation system [16], navigation risks [21], icebreakers and convoy operations [22], ship ice performance [23,24], ice resistance modeling [25] and route selection [26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating the Speed of Ice-Going Ships by Integrating SAR Imagery and Ship Data from an Automatic Identification System

Similä

Lensu

2018

Remote Sensing

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The automatic identification system (AIS) was developed to support the safety of marine traffic. In ice-covered seas, the ship speeds extracted from AIS data vary with ice conditions that are simultaneously reflected by features in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. In this study, the speed variation was related to the SAR features and the results were applied to generate a chart of expected speeds from the SAR image. The study was done in the Gulf of Bothnia in March 2013 for ships with ice class IA Super that are able to navigate without icebreaker assistance. The speeds were normalized to dimensionless units ranging from 0 to 10 for each ship. As the matching between AIS and SAR was complicated by ice drift during the time gap (from hours to two days), we calculated a set of local statistical SAR features over several scales. Random forest tree regression was used to estimate the speed. The accuracy was quantified by mean squared error and by the fraction of estimates close to the actual speeds. These depended strongly on the route and the day. The error varied from 0.4 to 2.7 units 2 for daily routes. Sixty-five percent of the estimates deviated by less than one speed unit and 82% by less than 1.5 speed units from the AIS speeds. The estimated daily mean speeds were close to the observations. The largest speed decreases were provided by the estimator in a dampened form or not at all. This improved when the ice chart thickness was included as a predictor.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating the Speed of Ice-Going Ships by Integrating SAR Imagery and Ship Data from an Automatic Identification System

Similä

Lensu

2018

Remote Sensing

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“…Navigational operations under icebreaker assistance are organized into four identified icebreaker operations: Escort operations, Convoy operations, Breaking a ship loose operations and Towing operations (Goerlandt et al, 2017;Valdez Banda et al, 2015), where escort operations and convoy operations are key to the success of the safe navigation of merchant ships. Convoy operations are similar to escort operations, where several ships follow an icebreaker at a short distance in case the ice channel is filled with ice cakes .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, the analysis of the risks of navigational operations in ice-covered waters suggests that escort and convoy operations under icebreaker assistance are quite dangerous operations performed in the ice-covered waters. Overall, collisions between assisted ships and icebreakers present the most significant risk (Valdez Banda et al, 2016;Goerlandt et al 2017). A root cause analysis method is presented to analyze the risks of collisions and grounding in Arctic waters, which aims at proposing a recommendation to reduce the occurrence probability based on fuzzy fault tree analysis (Kum et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of HFACS and fault tree model for collision risk factors analysis of icebreaker assistance in ice-covered waters

et al. 2019

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With the global warming and a large amount of sea ice melting, the available Arctic Sea Route has greatly enhanced the value of Arctic shipping. Ship operations under icebreaker assistance have become an essential way to facilitate the safe navigation of merchant vessels sailing through the Arctic Sea Route in ice-covered waters, but they can also put the crew and the ship in danger caused by a possible collision between the assisted ship and the icebreaker. In this paper, a dedicated Human and Organizational Factors (HoFs) model of ship collision accidents between an assisted ship and an icebreaker is developed and analyzed with the aim to identify and classify collision risk factors. First, a modified model of the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) for collision accidents between a ship and an icebreaker in ice-covered waters is proposed, which helps to analyze ship collision reports. Then, a Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) model is utilized to analyze the fundamental collision risk factors according to the statistical analysis of accident reports and expert judgments based on the HFACS-SIBCI model. Finally, qualitative analysis is carried out to analyze collision risk factors under icebreaker assistance, where Risk Control Options (RCOs) are formulated. An important guidance for the risk control of ship collisions during icebreaker assistance in ice-covered waters is provided for lawmakers and shipping companies.

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“…It can also be used for automatic reporting in areas of mandatory and voluntary reporting. Applications such as vessel tracking [7], [8], [9]; extraction of knowledge [10]; vessel behavior identification [11], [12], [13]; anomaly detection on vessel movements [14], [15], [16]; ship surveillance, tracking and security [17]; discovery of traffic patterns [18]; traffic simulation [19]; accident analysis [20]; ship routing development [21]; near miss detection [22]; collision risk p.2 assessment [23]; exhaust emission estimation [24]; ecological impact analysis [25]; and maritime spatial planning [26] have also been proposed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards a secure automatic identification system (AIS)

Goudossis

Katsikas

2018

J Mar Sci Technol

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The Automatic Identification System (AIS) is the emerging system for automatic traffic control and collision avoidance services in the maritime transportation sector. It is one of the cornerstone systems for improved marine domain awareness and is embedded in e-navigation, e-bridging, and autonomous ships proposals. However, AIS has some security vulnerabilities, that can be exploited to invade privacy of passengers, to launch intentional collision attacks by pirates and terrorists, etc. In this work, we explore how Identity-Based Public Cryptography and Symmetric Cryptography may enhance the security properties of the AIS.

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An analysis of wintertime navigational accidents in the Northern Baltic Sea

Cited by 88 publications

References 31 publications

Estimating the Speed of Ice-Going Ships by Integrating SAR Imagery and Ship Data from an Automatic Identification System

Estimating the Speed of Ice-Going Ships by Integrating SAR Imagery and Ship Data from an Automatic Identification System

Use of HFACS and fault tree model for collision risk factors analysis of icebreaker assistance in ice-covered waters

Towards a secure automatic identification system (AIS)

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