An analysis of Thysanoptera associated with citrus flowers in Antalya, Turkey: Composition, distribution, abundance and pest status of species

Abstract

Composition, distribution, abundance and pest status of thrips species associated with citrus flowers in Antalya, Turkey was investigated in 2006 and 2007. The survey revealed 36 thrips species. The most common and abundant species in descending order were: Thrips major Uzel, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), T. tabaci Lindeman, T. meridionalis (Priesner), T. angusticeps Uzel and Pezothrips kellyanus (Bagnall) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). The thrips fauna was predominated by T. major being found in 84% of the samples and constituting 51% of the specimens. F. occidentalis was the second most common and abundant species which was present in 55% of the samples and representing 22% of the specimens. The other four major species were detected in 12-28% of the samples and had a share of 4-6% in the total number of specimens. Average number of thrips per flower ranged between 0.26 and 0.55 depending on the citrus species. Proportion of scarred fruits ranged between 0.8 to 2.4%. Only P. kellyanus is known as a citrus pest and currently is less common and abundant than in those countries where it causes crop losses. These findings in Turkey do not provide any clear evidence concerning the country of origin of P. kellyanus.

Pezothrips kellyanus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), nueva plaga en cítricos; comportamiento de sus poblaciones, muestreo y enemigos naturales

“…Thus, adults of WFT visit citrus flowers for feeding on pollen, but rarely reproduce on the flowers and are not attracted by the developing fruits. According to Teksam and Tunç (2009), the only thrips that damage citrus fruit are those that feed on the developing fruits, just as, or soon after, the petals fall, not those that feed on pollen and floral tissues in the flowers. Western flower thrips is not considered a pest of citrus in Italy , Cyprus (Vassiliou, 2007), or Spain (Lacasa and Llorens, 1996).…”

“…Given that KCT has only recently become economically relevant, there is limited knowledge about basic aspects of its ecology and damage potential. Adults and larvae of KCT are normally found in large numbers in the flowers of various citrus varieties Teksam and Tunç, 2009;. Mature secondinstar larvae of KCT drop from the citrus canopy to the leaf litter and soil, where they pupate in the upper 2 cm soil-layer (Baker et al, 2002).…”

“…La mayoría de estas especies son fitófagas pero su presencia no está relacionada con daños en el cultivo (Teksam y Tunç, 2009). Las distintas especies de trips pueden competir por el polen y/o néctar presente en las flores de cítricos (Blank y Gill, 1997) y por tanto la introducción de una nueva especie en el ecosistema agrícola puede alterar la composición de especies previamente existente (Marullo, 2009).…”

Türkiye’de yeni zararlı bir thrips türü: Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan, 1913) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

“…Aynı çalışmada, thrips zararının nispeten yüksek olduğu yöredeki (Arsuz/Hatay) limon çiçeklerinde P. kellyanus'un daha yaygın olduğu bulunmuştur. Antalya ili ve çevre yörelerde turunçgillerde yapılan sörvey çalışmaları sonucunda thrips kaynaklı lekeli meyve oranı en fazla % 2 olarak rapor edilmiştir (Tekşam & Tunç, 2009). Thrips zararıyla rüzgarın neden olduğu dal sürtmeleri sonucu meyve yüzeylerinde oluşan bronzlaşmış lekeler (mekaniksel zarar) birbirine karıştırılmaktadır.…”

Farklı renkteki yapışkan tuzakların nektarindeki Thrips major Uzel (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)'a çekicilikleri

“…Bu tür Çukurova yöresindeki sert çekirdekli meyvelerinin çiçeklerinde F. occidentalis'den sonra görülen en yaygın ikinci türdür (Atakan, 2008b). T. major Antalya'da turunçgil çiçeklerinde yaygın görülmesine karşın, zararı konusunda yeterli bilginin olmadığı Tekşam & Tunç (2009) Cinti et al (1993) ise İtalya'da T. major'un; Reuveni & Vierbergen (2005) İsrail'de T. major ile birlikte F. occidentalis, T. tabaci ve Thrips meridionalis (Priesner)'in nektarinlerde zararlı olduklarını rapor etmişlerdir. T. major ve diğer Thysanoptera türleri esas olarak çiçeklerinden toplanmışlardır.…”