An analysis of spino‐caudal induction by the guinea pig kidney in the isolated ectoderm of the Triturus‐gastrula

Yamada, Tuneo; Takata, Kenzo

doi:10.1002/jez.1401280204

Cited by 38 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…But, on the other hand, it has proved impossible to confirm the inhibitory effect of ribonuclease on abnormal inductors in later experiments (Brachet etal., 1952 ;Kuusi, 1953 ;Yamada and Takata, 1955a; Englander and Johnen, 1957; etc.). The reason for the discrepancy between our first results (1944) and those of more recent workers is now clear; as shown by Hayashi (1958), a short treatment of the ribonucleoprotein with proteolytic enzymes, such as pepsin or trypsin, is enough to destroy the inducing power.…”

Section: Rna and The Induction Of The Nervous Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the time of our first experiments (1944), no crystalline ribonuclease was available and there is no doubt that the "purified" preparations used in these experiments were contaminated with proteolytic enzymes. That the active substance in ribonucleoprotein is protein rather than RNA is further shown by the fact that RNA isolated by mild methods (Yamada and Takata, 1955b;Tiedemann and Tiedemann, 1956) from various tissues, including embryos, is a mild inductor only. These negative experiments carry, however, no great weight in view of the difficulty often experienced in isolating nondenaturated RNA.…”

Section: Rna and The Induction Of The Nervous Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The biological role of ribonucleic acids

Brachet¹

1960

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Next to nothing was known a quarter of a century ago about the biological role and the intracellular localization of the nucleic acids. All that was well established was the existence of two different types of nucleic acids, which correspond to the deoxyribonucleic (DNA) and ribonucleic (RNA) acids of the present day. They were called, respectively, thymonucleic and zymonucleic acids, because purified preparations had only been obtained from thymus and yeast. It was erroneously believed that thymonucleic acid (DNA) is specific to animal cells and that yeast nucleic acid (RNA) is present only in plant cells. However RNA had been isolated from pancreas. A popular hypothesis was that DNA, which was known to contain both ortho-phosphoric acid and nitrogenous bases, might play the role of an intra-nuclear buffer. Such a role is certainly a minor one for the bearer of "genetic information"! One of the first important advances made in the field came from cytochemistry, when in 1924 Feulgen and Rossenbeck designed and utilized their well-known reaction for the detection of DNA. They were immediately able to demonstrate that thymonucleic acid (DNA) is specifically located in the cell nucleus, in plants as well as in animals. Progress on the role and localization of RNA was slower to come, because of the lack of specific cytochemical reactions comparable to the Feulgen tests. Indirect observations by Brachet (1933) strongly suggested, however, that animal cells may contain such References p. 50/54 RIBONUCLEIC ACIDS AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in RNA. Values up to 11.5% dry weight have been reported by Vendrely (1946). Work carried out in several different laboratories shows the existence of an excellent correlation between the synthesis of RNA and the synthesis of proteins, provided that the bacterial growth is studied during the logarithmic phase. For instance, Caldwell et al. (1950) found the RNA content of bacteria to be proportional to the growth rate, whatever the experimental conditions (changes in the nitrogen source of the culture medium, presence or absence of inhibitors, normal organisms or slow-growing mutants). Similar findings have been reported by Northrop (1953), Wade (1952) and Price (1952). An important study of Gale and Folkes (1953) shows that staphylococci synthesize proteins in the presence of glucose and amino acids. If purines and pyrimidines are added to this medium, nucleic acids are also synthesized. But the interesting fact is that if the medium contains no amino acids there is no nucleic acid synthesis, whereas the presence of purines and pyrimidines in the medium enhances protein synthesis. There thus exists a strong positive correlation between the nucleic acid content of the cells and the rate of protein synthesis. Gale and Folkes (1953) have also found that protein synthesis and RNA synthesis can be dissociated by the use of antibiotics. For instance, Chloromycetin, aureomycin, and terramycin all inhibit protein synthesis but increase nucleic acid synthesis. However, there is very good evidence (N...

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Section: Rna and The Induction Of The Nervous Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Rna and The Induction Of The Nervous Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

The biological role of ribonucleic acids

Brachet¹

1960

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“…Schon seit liingerer Zeit ist bekannt, daB ein archencephal induzierender Faktor in verschiedenen Geweben in maskierter Form vorkommt und erst nach Aufhebung von Permeabilitatsschranken, nach Inaktivierung eines Hemmfaktors oder nach Inaktivierung eines gleichzeitig vorhandenen mesodermalen Faktors zur Wirkung kommen kann (CHUANG 1939, 1940, TOIVONEN 1954, VAns 1955, TIEDEMANN und TIEDEMANN 1959, YAMADA 1959 Die Arbeit wurde mit Unterstutzung der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft ausgefiihrt. SUMMARY 1) Skeletal musculature of 9-day-old chicken embryos and such of adult chicken were treated with alcohol and with phenol and then tested with regard to their inductive effect.…”

Section: Diskussionunclassified

“…Durch verschieden langes Erhitzen der Gewebe verschwindet erst die spinocaudale Induktionsleistung, dann auch die deuterencephale, wahrend eine im unbehandelten Gewebe nur schwach vorhandene archencephale Induktionsleistung oft verstarkt wird. (CHUANG 1939, 1940, TOIVONEN 1954, VAHS 1955, TIEDEMANN und TIEDEMANN 1959, YAMADA 1959. Die Incubation einer aus Huhnerembryonen gewonnenen deuterencephal-spinocaudal induzierenden Fraktion mit Thioglykolsiiure bewirkt ein Erloschen der spinocaudalen Induktionsfahigkeit, und es tritt neben dem schon bestehenden deuterencephalen auch ein archencephales Induktionsvermogen auf.…”

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