An analysis of ozone damage to historical maize and soybean yields in the United States

McGrath, Justin M.; Betzelberger, Amy M.; Wang, Shaowen; Shook, Eric; Zhu, Xin Guang; Long, Stephen P.; Ainsworth, Elizabeth A.

doi:10.1073/pnas.1509777112

Cited by 177 publications

(149 citation statements)

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“…This was accompanied by greater SLA, indicating reduced leaf mass per unit area, which often is associated with lower photosynthetic capacity and/ or lower starch content (Poorter et al, 2012). This is consistent with the accelerated leaf senescence at elevated [O 3 ] observed in other species (Miller et al, 1999;Ainsworth et al, 2012;Gillespie et al, 2012) and with reduced carbon gain being at least partly responsible for the 10% reduction in yield of U.S. maize due to O 3 over the last 30 years (McGrath et al, 2015). This study also showed that, using hyperspectral reflectance, it was possible to detect genotypic differences in physiological and biochemical leaf traits across maize lines and variation in their response to elevated [O 3 ] (Fig.…”

Section: High-throughput Phenotyping Of the Stress Response In Maizesupporting

confidence: 75%

High-Throughput Phenotyping of Maize Leaf Physiological and Biochemical Traits Using Hyperspectral Reflectance

et al. 2016

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High-throughput, noninvasive field phenotyping has revealed genetic variation in crop morphological, developmental, and agronomic traits, but rapid measurements of the underlying physiological and biochemical traits are needed to fully understand genetic variation in plant-environment interactions. This study tested the application of leaf hyperspectral reflectance (l = 500-2,400 nm) as a high-throughput phenotyping approach for rapid and accurate assessment of leaf photosynthetic and biochemical traits in maize (Zea mays). Leaf traits were measured with standard wet-laboratory and gas-exchange approaches alongside measurements of leaf reflectance. Partial least-squares regression was used to develop a measure of leaf chlorophyll content, nitrogen content, sucrose content, specific leaf area, maximum rate of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylation, [CO 2 ]-saturated rate of photosynthesis, and leaf oxygen radical absorbance capacity from leaf reflectance spectra. Partial least-squares regression models accurately predicted five out of seven traits and were more accurate than previously used simple spectral indices for leaf chlorophyll, nitrogen content, and specific leaf area. Correlations among leaf traits and statistical inferences about differences among genotypes and treatments were similar for measured and modeled data. The hyperspectral reflectance approach to phenotyping was dramatically faster than traditional measurements, enabling over 1,000 rows to be phenotyped during midday hours over just 2 to 4 d, and offers a nondestructive method to accurately assess physiological and biochemical trait responses to environmental stress.

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Section: High-throughput Phenotyping Of the Stress Response In Maizesupporting

confidence: 75%

High-Throughput Phenotyping of Maize Leaf Physiological and Biochemical Traits Using Hyperspectral Reflectance

et al. 2016

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“…stratosphere-troposphere exchange | surface ozone | National Ambient Air Quality Standard | radioactive isotope of sulfur | Santa Ana wind H igh ground-level ozone (O 3 ) mixing ratios exert adverse impacts on human health, vegetation, and materials (1,2). In the free troposphere, O 3 is an important greenhouse gas contributing to global warming.…”

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confidence: 99%

Detection of deep stratospheric intrusions by cosmogenic ³⁵ S

Lin

Shaheen

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The extent to which stratospheric intrusions on synoptic scales influence the tropospheric ozone (O 3 ) levels remains poorly understood, because quantitative detection of stratospheric air has been challenging. Cosmogenic 35 S mainly produced in the stratosphere has the potential to identify stratospheric air masses at ground level, but this approach has not yet been unambiguously shown. Here, we report unusually high 35 S concentrations (7,390 atoms m −3; ∼16 times greater than annual average) in fine sulfate aerosols (aerodynamic diameter less than 0.95 μm) collected at a coastal site in southern California on May 3, 2014, when groundlevel O 3 mixing ratios at air quality monitoring stations across southern California (43 of 85) exceeded the recently revised US National Ambient Air Quality Standard (daily maximum 8-h average: 70 parts per billion by volume). The stratospheric origin of the significantly enhanced 35 S level is supported by in situ measurements of air pollutants and meteorological variables, satellite observations, meteorological analysis, and box model calculations. The deep stratospheric intrusion event was driven by the coupling between midlatitude cyclones and Santa Ana winds, and it was responsible for the regional O 3 pollution episode. These results provide direct field-based evidence that 35 S is an additional sensitive and unambiguous tracer in detecting stratospheric air in the boundary layer and offer the potential for resolving the stratospheric influences on the tropospheric O 3 level.stratosphere-troposphere exchange | surface ozone | National Ambient Air Quality Standard | radioactive isotope of sulfur | Santa Ana wind H igh ground-level ozone (O 3 ) mixing ratios exert adverse impacts on human health, vegetation, and materials (1, 2). In the free troposphere, O 3 is an important greenhouse gas contributing to global warming. It also controls the lifetime of other reactive greenhouse gases through oxidation processes (3), serves as the dominant precursor of the hydroxyl radical, and enhances the oxidizing capacity of the troposphere (4). Tropospheric O 3 formation involves a series of photochemical reactions related to anthropogenic emissions of O 3 precursors [e.g., nitrogen oxides (NO x ), carbon monoxide (CO), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs)], biomass burning, and lightning (5). In addition, elevated levels of tropospheric O 3 may be caused by the intrusion of O 3 -rich stratospheric air masses (4, 6-8). Detection of such stratospheric intrusion events by field-based measurements has been a major scientific concern since the 1970s (9). Concurrent measurement of ground-level O 3 , CO, and humidity is the most common method (10, 11), but it is ambiguous and only useful in extreme events and background sites. Ozonesondes, lidar, and aircraft measurements provide high-resolution information on vertical O 3 distributions (12-14), but they are relatively expensive and not widely available. Therefore, it is crucial to find an additional and unambiguous stratospheric tracer at g...

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“…In the United States, the impact of O 3 -induced crop damage was observed for maize and soybean from 1980 to 2011. They showed that over that period production of rain-fed fields of soybean and maize were reduced by roughly 5% and 10%, respectively, costing approximately 9 billion USD annually (McGrath, Betzelberger et al, 2015).…”

Section: Economic Impact Of Air Pollutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The mutual influences of man-made pollutants and allergic manifestations

et al. 2016

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The United Nations have projected the world population to reach 9.6 billion by 2050 and that, by then, over 50% of the world population will be living in urban areas. This continuing population growth and accompanying urbanization lead to serious concerns about clean water and food for all, but also about climate change and pollution. Soil and water pollution are directly affecting the crops grown for consumption, and air pollution is affecting our mucosal barriers in the respiratory and gastro-intestinal tract on a daily basis. This review provides an overview of the different types of pollution, and the health effects triggered by especially air pollution ranging from heart disease, pulmonary disease, cancer, to fatal respiratory infections. In addition, the differences in how pollution

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An analysis of ozone damage to historical maize and soybean yields in the United States

Cited by 177 publications

References 37 publications

High-Throughput Phenotyping of Maize Leaf Physiological and Biochemical Traits Using Hyperspectral Reflectance

High-Throughput Phenotyping of Maize Leaf Physiological and Biochemical Traits Using Hyperspectral Reflectance

Detection of deep stratospheric intrusions by cosmogenic ³⁵ S

The mutual influences of man-made pollutants and allergic manifestations

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An analysis of ozone damage to historical maize and soybean yields in the United States

Cited by 177 publications

References 37 publications

High-Throughput Phenotyping of Maize Leaf Physiological and Biochemical Traits Using Hyperspectral Reflectance

High-Throughput Phenotyping of Maize Leaf Physiological and Biochemical Traits Using Hyperspectral Reflectance

Detection of deep stratospheric intrusions by cosmogenic 35 S

The mutual influences of man-made pollutants and allergic manifestations

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Detection of deep stratospheric intrusions by cosmogenic ³⁵ S