First of all, I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr Xiao Gaoxi, for his continuous support, guidance and encouragement. I enjoy each discussion with him. He always shares his fruitful experiences and knowledge with me. During my study in Nanyang Technological University, Dr Xiao Gaoxi let me know how to do research, how to keep enthusiasm, dedication to excellence, and careful attention to details. I feel very proud to be given this opportunity to study under his supervision. Without his help, this thesis would not have been made.