An Analysis of Indian Pharmaceutical Exports to East African Community (EAC)

Rohatgi, Soma; Gera, Navneet

doi:10.1504/ijbis.2022.10049023

Cited by 10 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…At the primary study level, DH, DS, MAV and RRC extracted the following information from the studies included in the meta-analyses in duplicated: (1) list of authors and year of publication; (2) pooled number of participants for the stimulation and sham group; (3) sample characteristics; (4) type of exercise test; (5) exercise category; (6) exercise outcome assessed; (7) study design; (8) target brain area, electrode montage, stimulation duration and intensity, electrode surface, number of sessions, and concurrence of the stimulation; (10) t or F value; and (11) means and standard deviations for each condition (when we could not extract exact means and standard deviations but graphic information was available, we estimated the values from the graphs using the software WebPlotDigitizer; (14). Based on these data, we identified 50 primary studies that met the criteria of the present umbrella review.…”

Section: Data Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zapping the brain to enhance sport performance? Evidence from an umbrella review of the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on physical performance

Holgado,

Sanabria,

Vadillo

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Concepts such as "neuro-doping" or brain doping have contributed to an expansion in the area of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and its impact over exercise and physical performance in recent years. Here we assess the evidence supporting the healthy population using an umbrella review of meta-analyses investigating the role of tDCS to enhance exercise performance. We identified 9 meta-analyses encompassing 50 crossover studies and 683 participants that met our inclusion criteria. Despite the fact that most meta-analyses reported a positive effect of tDCS, our analyses revealed overly low statistical power in the primary studies, publication bias, and large variability in pre-processing and analytic decisions. Indeed, a specification-curve analysis showed that the final effect could range fromg= −0.23 tog= 0.33, depending on decisions such as the formula used for estimating the effect size and multiple additional analytic steps. Moreover, a meta-analysis of all the primary studies included in the umbrella review showed a small effect of tDCS (gz= 0.28, 95%CI [0.18, 0.39]) that became substantially smaller and inconclusive after accounting for publication bias,grm= 0.10, 95%CrI [−0.04, 0.20],BF10= 0.99. In summary, our findings highlight that current evidence, from both individual studies and meta-analyses, does not conclusively support the idea that tDCS enhances performance outcomes.

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Section: Data Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zapping the brain to enhance sport performance? Evidence from an umbrella review of the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on physical performance

Holgado,

Sanabria,

Vadillo

et al. 2024

Preprint

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“…We initialized the model with the identical pK a =7 for all microscopic protonation reactions. Given a set of pK a values, the computed titration curves were compared to the experimental curves, which were manually digitized from Submeier and Reilley (38) with the WebPlotDigitizer tool (40) with all data included in the Supplemental Table S1. A new set of pK a values were chosen at each step and accepted if the root-mean-square deviation to the experimental data decreased.…”

Section: Extracting Microscopic Pk a Values From Experimental 1d Nmr ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermodynamically consistent determination of free energies and rates in kinetic cycle models

Kenney

Beckstein

2023

Preprint

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Kinetic and thermodynamic models of biological systems have been used to connect microscopic features to system function. The parameters of such models---free energy differences for equilibrium properties and in general rates for equilibrium and out-of-equilibrium observables---have to be measured by different experiments or calculated by multiple computer simulations. All such parameters necessarily come with uncertainties so that when they are naively combined in a full model of the process of interest, they will generally violate fundamental statistical mechanical equalities, namely detailed balance and an equality of forward/backward rate products in cycles due to T. Hill. If left uncorrected, such models can produce arbitrary outputs that are physically inconsistent. Here we develop a formalism (named "multibind") to combine kinetic or thermodynamic measurements to yield state resolved models that are thermodynamically consistent. For equilibrium thermodynamic models, we transform the graph of given free energy differences between states to the potential graph of free energies of states using a maximum likelihood approach; the potential graph obeys path-independence of free energies and detailed balance by construction. Based on the thermodynamically consistent potential graph, we project the given rates of an equilibrium system onto a new set of rates that by construction obeys Hill's rate cycle-product equality. This approach produces thermodynamically consistent models that are most consistent with the provided data and their uncertainties. We show examples for how observables can be calculated from these models to interpret the effects of microscopic features on system function for two toy systems: A two-proton binding site is modeled as a four-state model and we demonstrate how cooperative or anti-cooperative behavior emerges as a function of the microscopic pKas. For simplified model of an electroneutral sodium/proton antiporter we compute the turnover number (sodium ions transported across the membrane per second) as a function of sodium concentration, pH, and membrane potential to show the strong effect of the membrane potential on transport in this system. We also describe an algorithm to use the multibind approach to solve the inverse problem of determining microscopic quantities from macroscopic measurements. As an example we predict the microscopic pKas and protonation states of a small organic molecule from 1D NMR data.The multibind approach is applicable to any thermodynamic or kinetic model that describes a system as transitions between well defined states with associated free energy differences or rates between these states. A Python package "multibind", which implements the approach described here, is made publicly available under the MIT Open Source license.

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“…Tumor volumes were measured weekly for five weeks once the tumors reached 200 mm 3 . Tumor growth volumes were digitized using WebPlotDigitizer [54] and used to calibrate mouse-specific model parameters in Table 1.…”

Section: Simulated Tumor Growth In Micementioning

confidence: 99%

A multispecies framework for modeling adaptive immunity and immunotherapy in cancer

Vincent

Cao

2023

PLoS Comput Biol

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Predator-prey theory is commonly used to describe tumor growth in the presence of selective pressure from the adaptive immune system. These interactions are mediated by the tumor immunopeptidome (what the tumor “shows” the body) and the T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire (how well the body “sees” cancer cells). The tumor immunopeptidome comprises neoantigens which can be gained and lost throughout tumorigenesis and treatment. Heterogeneity in the immunopeptidome is predictive of poor response to immunotherapy in some tumor types, suggesting that the TCR repertoire is unable to support a fully polyclonal response against every neoantigen. Importantly, while tumor and T-cell populations are known to compete with each other for intratumoral resources, whether between-lineage competition among peripheral T cells influences the TCR repertoire is unknown and difficult to interrogate experimentally. Computational models may offer a way to investigate these phenomena and deepen our understanding of the tumor-immune axis. Here, we construct a predator-prey-like model and calibrate it to preclinical and clinical data to describe tumor growth and immunopeptidome diversification. Simultaneously, we model the expansion of antigen-specific T-cell lineages and their consumption of both lineage-specific antigenic resources and lineage-agnostic, shared resources. This predator-prey-like framework accurately described clinically observed immunopeptidomes; recapitulated response-associated effects of immunotherapy, including immunoediting; and allowed exploration of treatment of tumors with varying growth and mutation rates.

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An Analysis of Indian Pharmaceutical Exports to East African Community (EAC)

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

Zapping the brain to enhance sport performance? Evidence from an umbrella review of the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on physical performance

Zapping the brain to enhance sport performance? Evidence from an umbrella review of the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on physical performance

Thermodynamically consistent determination of free energies and rates in kinetic cycle models

A multispecies framework for modeling adaptive immunity and immunotherapy in cancer

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