“…The demand for water and its quality continues to increase, resulting in increases in the processes such as water pumping, distribution, and treatment. This in turn increases the demand for energy, with energy used for water supply [ 5 ], water distribution [ 6 ], the final stage of wastewater treatment [ 7 ], wastewater treatment [ 8 ], and water heating and cooling [ 9 ]. Currently, 7 % of global energy is consumed in the production and distribution of drinking water and in wastewater treatment [ 10 ].…”