An Analysis of Dielectric Properties of Synthetic Ballast Water at Frequencies Ranging from 300 to 3000 MH<sub>z</sub>

Boldor, Dorin; Ortego, Jeffrey; Rusch, Kelly A.

doi:10.1080/08327823.2007.11688589

Cited by 2 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Because of different dielectric properties of the ballast water on account of the various organisms present, it was expected that the temperature profiles observed during various treatment regimes would differ for each organism. Boldor et al (31) have shown that there is a significant decrease in dielectric loss of the medium containing the different organisms with increase in microwave frequency and decrease in temperature. Hence, investigation on the temperature profiles observed for each organism will help in designing an efficient microwave treatment protocol for ballast water.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The maximum temperature increase (>33 °C) was again greatest at a power and flow rate combination of 4.5 kW and 1 lpm. The differences compared to microalgae in terms of power absorbed and temperatures are due to the difference in their dielectric properties (31). The tuning of the system was initially performed to maximize the efficiency of absorption for pure salt water.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The tuning parameters were the same at both salinities for maximum power absorption when no organisms were present (stub 1 ) 93 mm, stub 2 ) 42 mm, stub 3 ) 44 mm; stub 3 being closest to generator). Although the dielectric properties after inoculation differed between different organisms (31), the tuning stubs heights were not subsequently changed in order to prevent introduction of an additional variable in the study that cannot be easily accounted for. Tuning needs to be performed not only for technological reasons to maximize efficiency but also for economic reasons (reducing operating costs) and to protect the generator from reflected microwaves.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Design and Implementation of a Continuous Microwave Heating System for Ballast Water Treatment

Boldor

Balasubramanian

Purohit

et al. 2008

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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A continuous microwave system to treat ballast water inoculated with different invasive species was designed and installed at the Louisiana State University Agricultural Center. The effectiveness of the system to deliver the required heating loads to inactivate the organisms present was studied. The targeted organisms were microalgae (Nannochloropsis oculata), zooplankton at two different growth stages (newly hatched brine shrimp-Artemia nauplii and adult Artemia), and oyster larvae (Crassosstrea virginica). The system was tested at two different flow rates (1 and 2 liters per min) and power levels (2.5 and 4.5 kW). Temperature profiles indicate that, depending on the species present and the growth stage, the maximum temperature increase will vary from 11.8 to 64.9°C. The continuous microwave heating system delivered uniform and nearinstantaneous heating at the outlet, proving its effectiveness. The power absorbed and power efficiency varied for the species present. More than 80% power utilization efficiency was obtained at all flow rate and microwave power combinations for microalgae, Artemia nauplii and adults. Test results indicated that microwave treatment can be an effective tool for ballast water treatment, and current high treatment costs notwithstanding, this technique can be added as supplemental technology to the palette of existing treatment methods.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Design and Implementation of a Continuous Microwave Heating System for Ballast Water Treatment

Boldor

Balasubramanian

Purohit

et al. 2008

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…Boldor et al have shown that there is a significant decrease in dielectric loss of the synthetic ballast water with increase in microwave frequency and decrease in temperature. Investigation on the temperature profiles observed for organisms in different operating conditions (i.e., temperature) will help in designing an effective microwave treatment protocol for the ballast water wherein the desired heating load is delivered in an energy efficient manner.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This polar rotation, coupled with movement of a very large number of charged ions at the same frequencies (the second mechanism) results in instantaneous heating throughout the liquid . The extent of temperature rise produced depends on the dielectric properties of the liquid − . This study was undertaken as part of a larger research effort to understand the effectiveness of microwaves in preventing introduction of invasive species during the deballasting process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficiency of Artemia Cysts Removal as a Model Invasive Spore Using a Continuous Microwave System with Heat Recovery

Balasubramanian

Ortego²,

Rusch³

et al. 2008

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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A continuous microwave system to treat ballast water inoculated with Artemia salina cysts as a model invasive spore was tested for its efficacy in inactivating the cysts present. The system was tested at two different flow rates (1 and 2 L x min(-1)) and two different power levels (2.5 and 4.5 kW). Temperature profiles indicate that the system could deliver heating loads in excess of 100 degrees C in a uniform and near-instantaneous manner when using a heat recovery system. Except for a power and flow rate combination of 2.5 kW and 2 L x min(-1), complete inactivation of the cysts was observed at all combinations at holding times below 100 s. The microwave treatment was better or equal to the control treatment in inactivating the cysts. Use of heat exchangers increased the power conversion efficiency and the overall efficiency of the treatment system. Cost economics analysis indicates that in the present form of development microwave treatment costs are higher than the existing ballast water treatment methods. Overall, tests results indicated that microwave treatment of ballast water is a promising method that can be used in conjunction with other methods to form an efficient treatment system that can prevent introduction of potentially invasive spore forming species in non-native waters.

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An Analysis of Dielectric Properties of Synthetic Ballast Water at Frequencies Ranging from 300 to 3000 MH_z

Cited by 2 publications

References 2 publications

Design and Implementation of a Continuous Microwave Heating System for Ballast Water Treatment

Design and Implementation of a Continuous Microwave Heating System for Ballast Water Treatment

Efficiency of Artemia Cysts Removal as a Model Invasive Spore Using a Continuous Microwave System with Heat Recovery

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An Analysis of Dielectric Properties of Synthetic Ballast Water at Frequencies Ranging from 300 to 3000 MHz

Cited by 2 publications

References 2 publications

Design and Implementation of a Continuous Microwave Heating System for Ballast Water Treatment

Design and Implementation of a Continuous Microwave Heating System for Ballast Water Treatment

Efficiency of Artemia Cysts Removal as a Model Invasive Spore Using a Continuous Microwave System with Heat Recovery

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Product

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An Analysis of Dielectric Properties of Synthetic Ballast Water at Frequencies Ranging from 300 to 3000 MH_z