An analysis of degradation phenomena in polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis

Rakousky, Christoph; Reimer, Uwe; Wippermann, Klaus; Carmo, Marcelo; Lueke, Wiebke; Stolten, Detlef

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.06.082

Cited by 216 publications

(169 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Interestingly, the HFR during the measurement of the polarization curve is lower for the contaminated CCM than for the pristine CCM at BoL between 1.5 and 2 A cm −2 (Figure 5a), which could either result from the higher waste heat production with larger overpotential or an effective thinning of the membrane due to CCM creep. 31 The HFR exhibits a hysteresis as well, between 0.1 and 1.5 A cm −2 . Fe 3+ resides in the cathode CL at high current densities, 33 as observed for Gd 3+ with neutron imaging.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

CO₂-Assisted Regeneration of a Polymer Electrolyte Water Electrolyzer Contaminated with Metal Ion Impurities

Babic

Zlobinski

Schmidt

et al. 2019

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Polymer electrolyte water electrolysis (PEWE) is perceived as a key technology for conversion of renewable electricity in large-scale energy storage applications and deep decarbonization of the traditionally carbon-intensive mobility and chemical industry sectors. Since the price of hydrogen produced by PEWE is dominated by the price of electricity, it is crucial to ensure low degradation rates during the lifetime of a PEWE stack. This study aims to shed light onto the effects of cationic impurities that are responsible for the water impurity related failures of a majority of commercial stacks by employing operando neutron imaging coupled with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. A detailed overpotential analysis is conducted to elucidate how different voltage losses are triggered depending on the relative position of the cationic contaminant in the catalyst coated membrane. Based on this, a novel, CO 2 -assisted, method for the extraction of cationic impurities from the ionomer of the electrolyzer to recover performance during operation of the cell is presented.) unless CC License in place (see abstract). ecsdl.org/site/terms_use address. Redistribution subject to ECS terms of use (see 195.176.113.2 Downloaded on 2019-06-17 to IP ) unless CC License in place (see abstract). ecsdl.org/site/terms_use address. Redistribution subject to ECS terms of use (see 195.176.113.2 Downloaded on 2019-06-17 to IP ) unless CC License in place (see abstract). ecsdl.org/site/terms_use address. Redistribution subject to ECS terms of use (see 195.176.113.2 Downloaded on 2019-06-17 to IP ) unless CC License in place (see abstract). ecsdl.org/site/terms_use address. Redistribution subject to ECS terms of use (see 195.176.113.2 Downloaded on 2019-06-17 to IP

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

CO₂-Assisted Regeneration of a Polymer Electrolyte Water Electrolyzer Contaminated with Metal Ion Impurities

Babic

Zlobinski

Schmidt

et al. 2019

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…When the reversible cationic contamination of the ionexchange sites is mitigated, the Ti-PTL passivation is the main contribution to the performance deterioration. 105 Additionally, on the high pressure H 2 side of the system (cathode), Ti-hydride formation can be significant, which in turn weakens the Ti. 106 Coating the Ti parts is often mentioned as a way to protect against oxidation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical Review—Identifying Critical Gaps for Polymer Electrolyte Water Electrolysis Development

Babic

Suermann

Büchi

et al. 2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

372

347

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Although polymer electrolyte water electrolyzers (PEWEs) have been used in small-scale (kW to tens of kW range) applications for several decades, PEWE technology for hydrogen production in energy applications (power-to-gas, power-to-fuel, etc.) requires significant improvements in the technology to address the challenges associated with cost, performance and durability. Systems with power of hundreds of kW or even MWs, corresponding to hydrogen production rates of around 10 to 20 kg/h, have started to appear in the past 5 years. The thin (∼0.2 mm) polymer electrolyte in the PEWE with low ohmic resistance, compared to the alkaline cell with liquid electrolyte, allows operation at high current densities of 1-3 A/cm 2 and high differential pressure. This article, after an introductory overview of the operating principles of PEWE and state-of-the-art, discusses the state of understanding of key phenomena determining and limiting performance, durability, and commercial readiness, identifies important 'gaps' in understanding and essential development needs to bring PEWE science & engineering forward to prosper in the energy market as one of its future backbone technologies. For this to be successful, science, engineering, and process development as well as business and market development need to go hand in hand. In 2015, the global primary energy consumption was 153 PWh, 1 corresponding to an average rate of energy conversion of 17 TW. About 30% (∼6 TW) of this is used for electricity generation, which yields around 2.8 TW of electrical power (24 PWh per year). Around two thirds of the electricity is generated from fossil fuels, hydropower contributes 16%, nuclear power 11%, and other renewables (such as solar and wind) only 6.7%.1 Solar (photovoltaics) and wind power have a combined installed capacity of about 660 GW (in 2015).2 Electricity supply based on a significant share of these "new renewables" is associated with large discrepancies between supply and demand, owing to the intermittent nature of these primary energy sources. Hence, solutions for the grid-scale storage of electricity need to be developed and implemented. The electrochemical splitting of water (electrolysis) is a clean and efficient process offering interesting prospects to store large amounts of excess electricity in form of chemical energy ('power-to-gas' concept). 3,4 The produced hydrogen and oxygen can be used to regenerate electricity in periods of low production and high demand or serve as clean transportation fuel for fuel cell electric vehicles. Therefore, water electrolysis is a key technology in future sustainable energy scenarios, since hydrogen as an energy 'vector', i.e., as a universal energy carrier, could promote the decarbonization of the energy economy, or even become its backbone in the context of a 'hydrogen economy'.5 Moreover, the produced hydrogen can be used to methanate CO 2 from suitable sources, such as biogas plants, to produce synthetic natural gas (SNG), which can be injected and stored in the natural gas network. 6...

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“…However, durability is inferior for the practical standpoint at high overpotentials. Moreover, rational electrode structures with Ti [17,18] , TiO 2 [19] , Ta 2 O 5 [20] , TiC [21] or Au/C [22] substrates were constructed to enhance the mass activities. KŠP et al [21] fabricated nano-sized Ir film on a TiC substrate to reduce the loading of noble metal.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An effective oxygen electrode based on Ir0.6Sn0.4O2 for PEM water electrolyzers

Jiang

Hao

et al. 2019

Journal of Energy Chemistry

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An analysis of degradation phenomena in polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis

Cited by 216 publications

References 38 publications

CO₂-Assisted Regeneration of a Polymer Electrolyte Water Electrolyzer Contaminated with Metal Ion Impurities

CO₂-Assisted Regeneration of a Polymer Electrolyte Water Electrolyzer Contaminated with Metal Ion Impurities

Critical Review—Identifying Critical Gaps for Polymer Electrolyte Water Electrolysis Development

An effective oxygen electrode based on Ir0.6Sn0.4O2 for PEM water electrolyzers

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An analysis of degradation phenomena in polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis

Cited by 216 publications

References 38 publications

CO2-Assisted Regeneration of a Polymer Electrolyte Water Electrolyzer Contaminated with Metal Ion Impurities

CO2-Assisted Regeneration of a Polymer Electrolyte Water Electrolyzer Contaminated with Metal Ion Impurities

Critical Review—Identifying Critical Gaps for Polymer Electrolyte Water Electrolysis Development

An effective oxygen electrode based on Ir0.6Sn0.4O2 for PEM water electrolyzers

Contact Info

Product

Resources

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CO₂-Assisted Regeneration of a Polymer Electrolyte Water Electrolyzer Contaminated with Metal Ion Impurities

CO₂-Assisted Regeneration of a Polymer Electrolyte Water Electrolyzer Contaminated with Metal Ion Impurities