“…Despite the fact that carbon offset markets have previously been suggested as an opportunity to incentivize more sustainable crop production practices ( Gorain et al, 2021 ), our results suggest that the most commonly supported strategy of building SOC stocks will typically increase rather than decrease emissions in the context of rice-based agricultural systems (with the possible exception of residue incorporation in dry sites). In Eastern India, some fields remain persistently flooded due to factors like landscape-scale drainage patterns that are not readily controlled by farmers.…”