An Analogy between the Properties of “Dark Energy” and Physical Vacuum Consisting of Quantum Harmonic Oscillators Characterized by Zero-Point Energy

Abstract

In quantum field theory, the physical vacuum, free from magnetic and electric fields (without regard to gravitational energy), is defined not as an empty space but as the ground state of the field consisting of quantum harmonic oscillators (QHOs) characterized by zero-point energy. The aim of this work is to show that such physical vacuum may possess the properties similar to the properties of dark energy: the positive density, the negative pressure, and the possibility of so-called accelerated expansion. In the model discussed, the mass of QHOs determines the positive density of dark energy. The observed electric polarization of physical vacuum in an electric field means the existence of electric dipole moment of QHO, which, in turn, suggests the existence inside the QHO of a repulsive force between unlike charges compensating the attractive Coulomb force between the charges. The existence of such repulsive force may be treated as the existence of omniradial tensions inside every QHO. In terms of hydrodynamics, it means that the vacuum with this property may be regarded as a medium with negative pressure. The electric dipole-dipole interaction of QHOs under some condition may result in the expansion of physical vacuum consisting of QHOs. It is shown also that the physical vacuum consisting of QHOs is a luminiferous medium, and based on this concept the conditions are discussed for the emergence of invisiblity of any objects (in particular, dark matter). The existence of luminiferous medium does not contradict the second postulate of special relativity (the principle of constancy of the velocity of light in inertial systems), if to take into account the interaction of photons with QHOs and with virtual photons (the virtual particles pairs) created by quantum entities that constitute the inertial systems. How to cite this paper: Boldyreva, L.B.

The Physical Vacuum Models with Intrinsic Angular Momentum: From Vorticity of Maxwell’s Luminiferous Ether to Pseudomagnetism

“…It is shown in [8,28] that using of expression ( 20) allows one to obtain the expression describing the transverse Doppler's effect described earlier only by Special Relativity [25].…”

“…where 𝜂𝜂 = 1 for positively charged quantum object and 𝜂𝜂 = −1 for negatively charged quantum object. The validity of equation ( 5) is proven in work [8]. Spin of virtual photon is assumed to be equal to ℏ, similar to spin of photon,…”

“…Having solved the simultaneous Eq. ( 21) and the abovementioned expression for B, we obtain an equation relating the magnetic induction B to the velocity 𝛖𝛖 of the motion of the physical vacuum (in detail see [8,28]):…”

“…The properties of virtual photons were similar to those of photons performing the propagation of the electromagnetic oscillations as well. The introduction of virtual particles lets us to explain the wave and inertial properties of quantum objects and to create a theory alternative to Special Relativity [8][9][10].…”

“…The action of force associated with pseudomagnetic interaction results in existence of electric dipole moments of virtual photon and electric component of photon. The action of spin supercurrent determines cavity structure effects, many processes in ecology and medicine, and the possibility of energy generation using electromagnetic oscillations (for example, Tesla's generators [8,[17][18][19][20]).…”