An Analog Integrated Circuit Beamformer for High-Frequency Medical Ultrasound Imaging

Gurun, Gokce; Zahorian, Jaime; Şişman, Alper; Karaman, Mustafa; Hasler, P.; Degertekin, F. Levent

doi:10.1109/tbcas.2012.2219532

Cited by 39 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Since voltage sampling is being used in [8] the linearity of sampling capacitor is an important factor in the performance. The cascaded delay cells used in [9] and [11] suffer from gain error. The area for unit delay in [10] is lower but the proposed beamformer exhibits lower current per unit delay and the scalability (depth of memory) of the proposed architecture provides a higher flexibility for the beamformer.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The beamformer can be either digital [5] [6] or analog [7][8][9][10][11]. Digital beamformers exhibit good performance but require an analog to digital converter for each channel, which is typically both area and power hungry.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For in-probe applications, analog beamforming is a popular choice due to low area and low power requirements. In analog beamforming, there can be two manners of implementation, continuous time [9] and discrete time [7] [8]. The problem with continuous time implementations is that they typically use analog delay lines with cascaded filter cells.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

In-Probe Ultrasound Beamformer Utilizing Switched-Current Analog RAM

Sharma

Ytterdal

2015

IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II

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A low-power, high-energy-efficiency switched current (SI)-based beamformer is designed and fabricated in a 180 nm CMOS technology. The beamformer is implemented using an Analog RAM (ARAM) delay and sum approach. A new bias-shared SI architecture is proposed for the low power ARAM implementation. The highlight of the proposed architecture is that the number of memory cells in the ARAM can be increased without a proportional increase in the power consumption. This feature allows the beamformer to have a longer memory depth and a higher flexibility for wave shaping during the beam formation. As a proof of concept, 16 channels have been implemented for the beamformer, each containing 16 memory cells. The current consumption of a single memory cell is 27 µA. The maximum input signal frequency is 10 MHz, and the sampling frequency is 25 MHz. The measurement results for the beamformer show a 60 dB signal-to-noise ratio after summation. The total current consumption of the chip, including the beamformer along with the bias generation and a digital controller, is 7 mA, and it occupies an active area of 1.3 mm 2 .

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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In-Probe Ultrasound Beamformer Utilizing Switched-Current Analog RAM

Sharma

Ytterdal

2015

IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II

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“…(20)(21)(22) The time delays can be easily and finely controlled using an analog or digital time delay controller. (23,24) In this paper, a 32-channel low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) stimulator is presented for highly accurate targeting in neuromuscular rehabilitation. The presented stimulator generates the focused LIPUS to improve stimulation efficiency.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A 32-Channel Low-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Stimulator Using Phased Array Miniature Transducers for Enhanced Targeting Accuracy in Neuromuscular Rehabilitation System

2017

Sensors and Materials

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Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) stimulation can be used for noninvasive neuromuscular rehabilitation. For increasing stimulation efficiency, focused ultrasound (FUS) providing high-energy concentration should be used for LIPUS stimulation. However, because of difficulties in fine focus control, it is difficult to accurately target a stimulation site with conventional FUS stimulators using a single transducer. For implementing highly accurate targeting with a finely adjustable focal point, a 32-channel low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) stimulator using phased array miniature piezoelectric transducers is presented in this paper. In the presented stimulator, a beamforming technology is used to delicately control the focal point without the difficulties in the conventional FUS stimulators. The experimental results show that the focal point was successfully adjusted in horizontal and vertical directions with nearly zero targeting errors. The ultrasound energy with the spatial peak-pulse average intensity (I SPPA ) of 0.48 W/cm 2 was concentrated in a focusing area of 1.05 mm radius, which is sufficiently small to target peripheral nerves or a bundle of muscle fibers.

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“…Based on these capabilities, CMUT annular arrays and CMUT-on-CMOS dual ring arrays operating in the 20-60MHz range have been fabricated [9][10]. In addition, single chip high frequency analog beamforming electronics have been demonstrated [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design, modeling and characterization of a 35MHz 1-D CMUT phased array

Tekeş

Satır

et al. 2013

2013 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS)

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High frequency ultrasound arrays have applications ranging from imaging of small animals, skin and eye to intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). We describe an application where a guidewire IVUS system uses high frequency phased arrays with integrated electronics placed directly on the guidewire rather than a catheter for imaging. Multiple arrays provide the full transverse cross section of the artery during percutaneous interventions. We focus on a 1-D CMUT phased array to be used in the guidewire IVUS. CMUTs are particularly suitable for this application with their ease of fabrication and single chip electronics integration. The array frequency is chosen to be around 35-40MHz with 10MHz bandwidth so that the 1-D CMUT phased array with a 300um wide aperture can closely match the lateral resolution of a current 20MHz, 3.5F solid state IVUS array. Here we discuss the initial design, large signal modeling, fabrication and experimental characterization of a 12 element, 300x1000um CMUT array with 25um pitch. The electrical and acoustic characterization results for a CMUT array with 20um square membranes are presented. Modeling results for different size membranes indicating adequate performance for higher bandwidth applications are also discussed.

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An Analog Integrated Circuit Beamformer for High-Frequency Medical Ultrasound Imaging

Cited by 39 publications

References 40 publications

In-Probe Ultrasound Beamformer Utilizing Switched-Current Analog RAM

In-Probe Ultrasound Beamformer Utilizing Switched-Current Analog RAM

A 32-Channel Low-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Stimulator Using Phased Array Miniature Transducers for Enhanced Targeting Accuracy in Neuromuscular Rehabilitation System

Design, modeling and characterization of a 35MHz 1-D CMUT phased array

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