An analog decoding BGO block detector using circular photomultipliers

Wong, Wai-Hoi; Uribe, J.; Hicks, K.; Hu, Gang

doi:10.1109/23.467742

Cited by 57 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…In this context, BGO and GSO have attracted considerable attention as high-efficiency gammaray absorbers, which stems from their high density. They have been used in various applications such as medical systems (e.g., for positron emission tomography) [21][22][23] and X-ray detectors on board space satellites (e.g., Suzaku and the International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (INTEGRAL)) [24,25]. Regarding activation characteristics, GSO has stronger tolerance to radiation than NaI:Tl and CsI:Tl [26][27][28], and BGO does not exhibit an afterglow [29].…”

Section: Jinst 13 P02023mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of GAGG:Ce scintillators for future space applications

et al. 2018

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Cerium-doped Gd3(Ga, Al)5O12 (GAGG:Ce) is a promising novel scintillator for gamma-ray detectors. While GAGG:Ce has already been implemented in various commercial products, its detailed characteristics and response to high-energy particles and gamma rays remain unknown. In particular, knowledge is lacking on the radiation tolerance of this scintillator against the gamma-ray and proton irradiation expected in future space satellite mission applications. In this study, we first investigate the light-yield energy dependence, energy resolution, decay time, radiation tolerance, and afterglow of GAGG:Ce scintillators under various temperature conditions. We find excellent linearity of ±3% between light yields and deposited energy over a wide range of 30–1836 keV; however, a light-yield deficit of more than 10% is observed below 30 keV of deposited gamma ray energy. We confirm that the temperature dependence of the light yield, energy resolution, and scintillation decay time is within 5–20% between −20 and 20 ̂C. We also evaluate the GAGG:Ce activation characteristics under proton irradiation and the light-yield degradation by accumulated dose using a 60Co source. Moreover, we successfully identify various gamma-ray lines due to activation. Finally, we find a substantial afterglow for GAGG:Ce scintillators over a few hours; such an afterglow is only minimally observed in other scintillators such as CsI:Tl and Bi4Ge3O12 (BGO). However, the afterglow can be substantially reduced through additional co-doping with divalent metal ions, such as Mg ions. These results suggest that GAGG:Ce is a promising scintillator with potential application in space satellite missions in the near future.

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Section: Jinst 13 P02023mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A digital multichannel analyzer (MCA8000D) digitalized the shaped pulse heights, yielding digital values (MCA channel) that were sent to a personal computer (PC). Radioactive sources ( 109 Cd, 133 Ba, 241 Am, 57 Co, 22 Na, 137 Cs, 54 Mn, 60 Co, and 88 Y source) with emissions of 22 to 1836 keV were used in our measurement.…”

Section: Light-yield Energy Dependencementioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of GAGG:Ce scintillators for future space applications

et al. 2018

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“…In contrast to the detector rings used in the majority of PET scanners, the HRRT consists of eight panel detectors (detector heads), which are arranged in an octagon to allow for the use of quadrant sharing (Wong et al 1995); a detector head contains 117 detector blocks arranged in a 9 × 13 array which are read out by a 10 × 14 array of photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). Each detector block (19 × 19 × 20 mm 3 ) is cut into 8 × 8 crystal elements.…”

Section: Scanner Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance evaluation of the ECAT HRRT: an LSO-LYSO double layer high resolution, high sensitivity scanner

Jong¹,

Velden²,

Kloet³

et al. 2007

Phys. Med. Biol.

308

200

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The ECAT high resolution research tomograph (HRRT) is a dedicated brain and small animal PET scanner, with design features that enable high image spatial resolution combined with high sensitivity. The HRRT is the first commercially available scanner that utilizes a double layer of LSO/LYSO crystals to achieve photon detection with depth-of-interaction information. In this study, the performance of the commercial LSO/LYSO HRRT was characterized, using the NEMA protocol as a guideline. Besides measurement of spatial resolution, energy resolution, sensitivity, scatter fraction, count rate performance, correction for attenuation and scatter, hot spot recovery and image quality, a clinical evaluation was performed by means of a HR+/HRRT human brain comparison study. Point source resolution varied across the field of view from approximately 2.3 to 3.2 mm (FWHM) in the transaxial direction and from 2.5 to 3.4 mm in the axial direction. Absolute line-source sensitivity ranged from 2.5 to 3.3% and the NEMA-2001 scatter fraction equalled 45%. Maximum NECR was 45 kcps and 148 kcps according to the NEMA-2001 and 1994 protocols, respectively. Attenuation and scatter correction led to a volume uniformity of 6.3% and a system uniformity of 3.1%. Reconstructed values deviated up to 15 and 8% in regions with high and low densities, respectively, which can possibly be assigned to inaccuracies in scatter estimation. Hot spot recovery ranged from 60 to 94% for spheres with diameters of 1 to 2.2 cm. A high quantitative agreement was met between HR+ and HRRT clinical data. In conclusion, the ECAT HRRT has excellent resolution and sensitivity properties, which is a crucial advantage in many research studies.

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“…The other primary detector is the block detector design (Casey and Nutt 1986) which typically uses a small array of crystals optically coupled through a lightguide to four relatively small PMTs, and which has been used in many BGO-based PET scanner designs, for example the GE Advance (Lewellen et al 1996) and the CTI HR + (Brix et al 1997). A variant of this design is the quadrant sharing block design (Wong et al 1995) which achieves similar spatial resolution as the conventional block detector but with larger PMTs. This detector design has been implemented in various versions of a variable diameter PET scanner (Uribe et al 1999) as well as commercial dedicated brain scanner, CTI HRRT (Wienhard et al 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Image quality assessment of LaBr₃-based whole-body 3D PET scanners: a Monte Carlo evaluation

Surti¹,

Karp²,

Muehllehner³

2004

Phys. Med. Biol.

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The main thrust for this work is the investigation and design of a whole-body PET scanner based on new lanthanum bromide scintillators. We use Monte Carlo simulations to generate data for a 3D PET scanner based on LaBr3 detectors, and to assess the count-rate capability and the reconstructed image quality of phantoms with hot and cold spheres using contrast and noise parameters. Previously we have shown that LaBr3 has very high light output, excellent energy resolution and fast timing properties which can lead to the design of a time-of-flight (TOF) whole-body PET camera. The data presented here illustrate the performance of LaBr3 without the additional benefit of TOF information, although our intention is to develop a scanner with TOF measurement capability. The only drawbacks of LaBr3 are the lower stopping power and photo-fraction which affect both sensitivity and spatial resolution. However, in 3D PET imaging where energy resolution is very important for reducing scattered coincidences in the reconstructed image, the image quality attained in a non-TOF LaBr3 scanner can potentially equal or surpass that achieved with other high sensitivity scanners. Our results show that there is a gain in NEC arising from the reduced scatter and random fractions in a LaBr3 scanner. The reconstructed image resolution is slightly worse than a high-Z scintillator, but at increased count-rates, reduced pulse pileup leads to an image resolution similar to that of LSO. Image quality simulations predict reduced contrast for small hot spheres compared to an LSO scanner, but improved noise characteristics at similar clinical activity levels.

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An analog decoding BGO block detector using circular photomultipliers

Cited by 57 publications

References 7 publications

Evaluation of GAGG:Ce scintillators for future space applications

Evaluation of GAGG:Ce scintillators for future space applications

Performance evaluation of the ECAT HRRT: an LSO-LYSO double layer high resolution, high sensitivity scanner

Image quality assessment of LaBr₃-based whole-body 3D PET scanners: a Monte Carlo evaluation

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An analog decoding BGO block detector using circular photomultipliers

Cited by 57 publications

References 7 publications

Evaluation of GAGG:Ce scintillators for future space applications

Evaluation of GAGG:Ce scintillators for future space applications

Performance evaluation of the ECAT HRRT: an LSO-LYSO double layer high resolution, high sensitivity scanner

Image quality assessment of LaBr3-based whole-body 3D PET scanners: a Monte Carlo evaluation

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Product

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Image quality assessment of LaBr₃-based whole-body 3D PET scanners: a Monte Carlo evaluation