An American Steel Producer's Continuing Efforts to Provide Value to the Automobile Industry

Stover, J. D.; Kolarik, Robert V.

doi:10.4271/930959

Cited by 4 publications

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“…Timken [ 12] and Stocksbridge Engineering Steels [ 13] developed the ultrasonic systems for bearing steel cleanliness inspection. The 15 MHz transducer has been used and aluminum oxide inclusion above 100-150 gm can be detected.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of inclusion detection by acoustic microscope

Choi

Kwon

et al. 1999

Metals and Materials

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Artificial steel samples with embedded inclusions and continuous casting slab samples were investigated using a commercial acoustic microscope. An abnormal phase information was noted and used to classify the inclusions and holes in steel. The echo waveforms from steel-air (hole) steel-water and steel-resin interfaces had typical phase reverse characteristics. Water-steel, water-resin, water-alumina and water-silica interfaces had typical positive echo polarities. However, the echo waveforms from steel-alumina, steel-silica and steel-inclusion interfaces lost such characteristics, which seems to be related to the characteristics of material, and displayed positive polarities in image. This very common phenomenon is referred to as an abnormal phase and is helpful in the differentiation of defects. Inclusions larger than 50 ~m can be detected at 50 MHz. Inclusions of about 30 ~m on a sample surface can be effectively detected using a 100 MHz transducer. The influence of size, orientation, acoustic impedance and polarity of defects on detection were investigated and discussed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of inclusion detection by acoustic microscope

Choi

Kwon

et al. 1999

Metals and Materials

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Chapter 1 | History and Introduction to Rolling Bearing Steel Technologies

Beswick¹

2022

Rolling Bearing Steel: Design, Technology, Testing and Measurements

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Steels, and in particular bearing steel technologies, have gone through profound developments and some of these are reviewed in this book. Improved metallurgical cleanliness and a requirement for improved composition consistency have necessitated developments in both air-melt and remelt steelmaking. Carbon steels, through hardening, surface hardening and highly alloyed corrosion resistant high-speed steels are used in rolling bearings. Compositions are specified together with the development history of the standard 52100 bearing steel. The virtue in the 52100 (1C-1.5Cr) steel composition is described and information given as to why it is still used more than a century after its introduction. Case carburization bearing steel technologies are widely used in line contact rolling bearings and the development is described. The developments in the use of selective surface hardening in angular contact automotive wheel ball bearings is introduced. Air-melt steelmaking, casting and rolling and remelt steelmaking such as vacuum induction melting, electroslag remelting and vacuum arc remelting are reviewed for special requirements such as precision aerospace. Clean-steel powder metallurgy in combination with hot isostatic pressing is introduced as an upgrade to the properties of high alloy steels with hot-hardness characteristics. Knowledge of rolling bearing loading and the appropriate metallurgical design is fundamental to bearing steel technologies. Bearing steels are only suitable for rolling bearing manufacture once appropriate soft forming, prior soft treatments, subsequent final hardening heat treatments and damage-free hard machining have been applied. Different rolling bearing types can require different steel technologies and damage, failure terms and characteristics are reviewed. Accurate failure characterization, metallurgical and functional property testing are key topics. Metallurgical quality testing with respect to macro-, meso-, and microinclusion testing is reviewed and developments continue. Rolling contact fatigue and substitute fatigue testing methodologies have become difficult as bearing steels have improved and this is covered in detail later in the book.

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Chapter 4 | Steelmaking, Casting, Rolling—Air (Open) Melt Steel Grades

Beswick¹

2022

Rolling Bearing Steel: Design, Technology, Testing and Measurements

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Bearing steel technologists need to be aware of air-melt bearing steelmaking process developments and the market demands for cheaper and better rolling bearings, and reduced CO2 emissions. Primary steelmaking in electric arc or basic oxygen furnaces is described together with the development of linked or separate ladle refining and vacuum degassing technologies. The choice of aluminum or silicon (nonaluminum) deoxidation is explained as a function of the applied casting methodology, end product requirement, and the prevailing ethos. The variety of steelmaking combinations are explained and relationships of the processes with the metallurgical quality illustrated. The technologies applied in bearing steel casting operations have a profound effect on quality and costs and this is described. High carbon bearing steel compositions present special problems with respect to segregation and a need for homogenization treatments. Continuous casting of bearing steels is established, but ingot casting is required for higher alloyed steels. Ingot casting remains an excellent way of making high-quality bearing steels. Both billet and bloom continuous casting are economically attractive provided the bearing steels in question can be cast in suitable sequences. The use of post-casting homogenization treatments are explained particularly for the large-size bearing steel grades produced by radial-axial hot ring rolling. Control of hot-working process temperatures and adiabatic heating effects, particularly for high carbon-alloy steels, is described. Nondestructive testing cannot detect all internal metallurgical defects which means that hot ring rolling must not introduce undetectable, or difficult to detect, internal void defects. It is explained that careful homogenization of steels for radial and axial ring rolling needs to be performed in order to ensure that the rings have full metallurgical integrity (i.e., they are free of voids/porosity).

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An American Steel Producer's Continuing Efforts to Provide Value to the Automobile Industry

Cited by 4 publications

References 1 publication

Investigation of inclusion detection by acoustic microscope

Investigation of inclusion detection by acoustic microscope

Chapter 1 | History and Introduction to Rolling Bearing Steel Technologies

Chapter 4 | Steelmaking, Casting, Rolling—Air (Open) Melt Steel Grades

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