An alternative whole-body marker set to accurately and reliably quantify joint kinematics during load carriage

Lenton, Gavin K.; Doyle, Tim; Saxby, David J.; Lloyd, David G.

doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.04.002

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Three-dimensional (3D) full-body kinematics, ground reaction forces and surface electromyography (EMG) from nine lower-limb muscles were synchronously acquired using an 11-camera motion capture system (Vicon Motion Systems Ltd, Oxford, UK) (100 Hz), a fore-aft split belt instrumented treadmill (Advanced Mechanical Technology Inc, USA) (1000 Hz), and a 16-channel wireless telemetry system (Telemyo 900, Noraxon, Arizona, USA) (1000 Hz), respectively. Participants were instrumented with spherical (14 mm diameter), retroreflective markers and marker clusters placed on arms, torso, pelvis, thighs, lower legs and feet [ 18 ]. Bipolar dual surface electrodes (Ag/AgCl, Noraxon, Arizona, USA) were placed over 9 lower-limb muscle bellies: medial and lateral gastrocnemii, tibialis anterior, peroneus longus, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, and semitendinosus.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tibiofemoral joint contact forces increase with load magnitude and walking speed but remain almost unchanged with different types of carried load

et al. 2018

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Musculoskeletal injuries (MSI) in the military reduce soldier capability and impose substantial costs. Characterizing biomechanical surrogates of MSI during commonly performed military tasks (e.g., load carriage) is necessary for evaluating the effectiveness of possible interventions to reduce MSI risk. This study determined the effects of body-borne load distribution, load magnitude, and walking speed on tibiofemoral contact forces. Twenty-one Australian Army Reserve soldiers completed a treadmill walking protocol in an unloaded condition and wearing four armor types (standard-issue and three prototypes) with two load configurations (15 and 30 kg) for a total of 8 armor x load ensembles. In each ensemble, participants completed a 5-minute warm-up, and then walked for 10 minutes at both moderate (1.53 m⋅s-1) and fast (1.81 m⋅s-1) speeds. During treadmill walking, three-dimensional kinematics, ground reaction forces, and muscle activity from nine lower-limb muscles were collected in the final minute of each speed. These data were used as inputs into a neuromusculoskeletal model, which estimated medial, lateral and total tibiofemoral contact forces. Repeated measures analyses of variance revealed no differences for any variables between armor types, but peak medial compartment contact forces increased when progressing from moderate to fast walking and with increased load (p<0.001). Acute exposure to load carriage increased estimated tibiofemoral contact forces 10.1 and 19.9% with 15 and 30kg of carried load, respectively, compared to unloaded walking. These results suggest that soldiers carrying loads in excess of 15 kg for prolonged periods could be at greater risk of knee MSI than those with less exposure.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tibiofemoral joint contact forces increase with load magnitude and walking speed but remain almost unchanged with different types of carried load

et al. 2018

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“…To allow measurement of 3-dimensional motion, spherical, 14 mm diameter retro-reflective markers, and marker clusters were placed on the torso, and bilaterally on the head, arms, and legs of participants according to a marker set we previously developed and validated (Lenton et al, 2017). Marker and GRF data were concurrently and synchronously acquired using an 11-camera, 3-dimensional motion capture system (Vicon, Oxford, UK) and a split-belt, force-sensing treadmill (AMTI Compact Tandem, Watertown, MA, USA).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lower-limb joint work and power are modulated during load carriage based on load configuration and walking speed

Lenton

Doyle

Lloyd

et al. 2019

Journal of Biomechanics

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Soldiers regularly transport loads weighing >20 kg for slow speeds over long durations. These tasks elicit high energetic costs through increasing positive work generated by knee and ankle muscles, which may increase risk of muscular fatigue and decrease combat readiness. This study aimed to determine how modifying where load is borne changes lower-limb joint mechanical work production, and if load magnitude and/or walking speed also affect work production. Twenty Australian soldier participants donned a total of 12 body armor variations: six body armor systems (one standard-issue, two commercially available [cARM1-2], and three prototype [pARM1-3]) and two load magnitudes (15 and 30 kg). In each armor variation, participants completed treadmill walking at two speeds (1.51 and 1.83 m/s). Three-dimensional motion capture and force plate data were acquired and used to estimate joint angles and moments from inverse kinematics and dynamics, respectively. From these, hip, knee, and ankle joint work was computed and compared between armor types and walking speeds. Positive joint work over the stance phase significantly increased with walking speed and carried load, accompanied by 2.3-2.6% shifts in total positive work production from ankle to hip (p<0.05). Compared to using cARM1 with 15 kg of carried load, carrying 30 kg caused significantly greater hip contribution to total positive work, while knee and ankle work decreased. Substantial increases in hip joint contributions to total positive work with increases in walking speed and load magnitude highlight the importance of hip musculature to positive power generation in load carriage walking. This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

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“…During treadmill walking, full-body three-dimensional motion and ground reaction forces (GRF) were acquired. Spherical 14 mm diameter retro-reflective markers and marker clusters were placed on the head, torso, arms, and legs of the participant consistent with a marker set specifically developed and validated for military load carriage applications 22 . Marker and GRF data were measured using an 11camera (100 Hz) three-dimensional motion capture system (Vicon, Oxford, UK) and a fore-aft splitbelt force-measuring (1000 Hz) treadmill (AMTI Compact Tandem, Watertown, MA, USA), respectively.…”

Section: Twentymentioning

confidence: 99%

Primarily hip-borne load carriage does not alter biomechanical risk factors for overuse injuries in soldiers

Lenton

Saxby

Lloyd

et al. 2019

Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport

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Objective: To examine the effects of different body armour types, carried loads, and walking speeds on trunk and lower-limb joint biomechanics. Design: Within-subjects repeated measures design to examine the effects of different body armour types, carried loads, and walking speeds on trunk and lower-limb joint biomechanics. Method: Twenty soldiers (29.5±7.1yrs) completed a treadmill walking protocol in an unloaded (baseline) condition and wearing a control, Tiered Body Armour System (TBAS) and five different armour types (cARM1-2, pARM1) with two load configurations (15 and 30 kg) for a total of eight armour x load ensembles. In each ensemble, participants walked for 10 minutes at 1.53 m⋅s-1 and 1.81 m⋅s-1 speeds. Whole-body marker kinematics and ground reaction forces were used, along with a scaled anatomical model, to determine peak lower-limb joint angles, net joint moments, and negative knee work. Peak parameters were compared between armour types, walking speeds and carried loads using repeated measures ANOVAs. Results: Peak plantarflexion and hip abduction moments were reduced when wearing cARM1 (p=0.040, p=0.045) and cARM2 (p=0.045, p=0.003) compared to TBAS while carrying 30kg and/or walking fast, suggesting positive benefits of load distribution at higher demands. Joint moments increased when participants carried greater load and/or walked faster, and the combined effects of carried load and walking speed were mostly additive. Conclusions: Importantly, primarily hip-borne load carriage does not negatively alter joint kinetics, and some positive adaptations occurred during tasks with higher demands. These results can inform equipment design and physical training programs for load carriage.

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An alternative whole-body marker set to accurately and reliably quantify joint kinematics during load carriage

Cited by 12 publications

References 30 publications

Tibiofemoral joint contact forces increase with load magnitude and walking speed but remain almost unchanged with different types of carried load

Tibiofemoral joint contact forces increase with load magnitude and walking speed but remain almost unchanged with different types of carried load

Lower-limb joint work and power are modulated during load carriage based on load configuration and walking speed

Primarily hip-borne load carriage does not alter biomechanical risk factors for overuse injuries in soldiers

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