An Alternative to Dark Matter? Part 1: The Early Universe (<i>t<sub>p</sub></i> to 10<sup>-9</sup> s), Energy Creation the Alphaton, Baryogenesis

Abstract

A cosmological model was developed using the equation of state of photon gas, as well as cosmic time. The primary objective of this model is to see if determining the observed rotation speed of galactic matter is possible, without using dark matter (halo) as a parameter. To do so, a numerical application of the evolution of variables in accordance with cosmic time and a new state equation was developed to determine precise, realistic values for a number of cosmological parameters, such as the energy of the universe U, cosmological constant Λ, the curvature of space k, energy density e ρ Λ , age of the universe t Ω etc. The development of the state equation highlights the importance of not neglecting any of the differential terms given the very large amounts in play that can counterbalance the infinitesimals. Some assumptions were put forth in order to solve these equations. The current version of the model partially explains several of the observed phenomena that raise questions. Numerical application of the model has yielded the following results, among others: Initially, during the Planck era, at the very beginning of Planck time, t p , the universe contained a single photon at Planck temperature How to cite this paper: Perron, J. (2021) An Alternative to Dark Matter? Part 1: The Early Universe (t p to 10 −9 s), Energy Creation the Alphaton, Baryogenesis.

Quantum Mechanics Hypothesis of Solar System Structure: Quantum de Broglie Wavelength, LQG Similitude and Slow Bang Theory (SB)

“…This modified de Broglie wavelength makes it possible to obtain a better correlation for the prediction of the average orbital radius of bodies. Finally, this modified wavelength of de Broglie made it possible to put into perspective the concept of the quantification of space with the idea of the minimum wavelength associated with photon's energies during the generation of the energy of the universe according to a model already presented in this review [20]. This modified wavelength of de Broglie also makes it possible to imagine that the quantification of the volume of space involves the geometry of the sphere and the cube.…”

“…In an earlier study on the origin of the universe, Perron [20], this energy density associated with the first alpha photon is ~11% at the first Planck step P t at the beginning of the generation of the energy of the universe (first Planck time and first Planck volume). Here is a possibility of a mechanism for generating the energy of the universe considering the quantum nature of the process.…”

“…Here is a possibility of a mechanism for generating the energy of the universe considering the quantum nature of the process. According to the model, Perron [20] and the quantization of energy and space, alpha photons are generated, at each Planck time, for ~10 −9 s according to a progression close to (n + 1) 3 , n being the Planck time number. The energy source causing alpha photon generation is contained at the outer edge of the universe.…”

Hubble Tension Explanation from This Cosmological Model AΛΩ (Slow Bang Model, SB)

“…It was in 2018 that the development of the model began and the first preprint publication appeared in [6]. Subsequently, in 2021 and 2023, 4 publications appeared in this journal [7] . Thus, we see that the model considers an origin of the "Bang" type but the "Big" is rather a relatively slow quantum evolution of energy creation is the expression Slow Bang, SB.…”

ETG Galaxies (<400 [My]) from JWST Already Predicted in 2019 from This Cosmological Model AΛΩ (Slow Bang Model, SB)

“…It was in 2018 that the development of the model began and the first preprint publication appeared in [1]. Subsequently, in 2021, 3 publications appeared in this journal [2] [3] [4]. We refer the reader to these articles which contain more details.…”