An alternative technique to shape scaffolds with hierarchical porosity at physiological temperature

Peña, J. L.; Román, J.; Cabañas, M.V.; Vallet‐Regí, María

doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2009.10.049

Cited by 53 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…The 'giant' pore content (∼30%) relates to the amount of filaments employed to prepare the scaffolds. As previously established [60], the GELPOR3D method yields porosities of 10-40%, depending on the size of the filaments and their arrangement. The remaining porosity (70%) corresponds to the pores within the solid skeleton of the scaffold, and most of it can be related to water elimination.…”

Section: Bulkmentioning

confidence: 61%

“…Three-dimensional interconnected porous polymer/nCHA scaffolds were fabricated using the shaping process GELPOR3D patented by the authors [60,62]. The fabrication procedure consists of the following steps: the gelling powder is suspended in deionized water and heated to 85…”

Section: Scaffold Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The network of filaments directing this structure can be easily extracted at room temperature without the use of aggressive solvents. The diameter and arrangement of these filaments determine the pore size (300-900 µm) and the resulting porosity (10-40 vol%) [60].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Control of the pore architecture in three-dimensional hydroxyapatite-reinforced hydrogel scaffolds

Román

Cabañas

Peña

et al. 2011

Science and Technology of Advanced Materials

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Hydrogels (gellan or agarose) reinforced with nanocrystalline carbonated hydroxyapatite (nCHA) were prepared by the GELPOR3D technique. This simple method is characterized by compositional flexibility; it does not require expensive equipment, thermal treatment, or aggressive or toxic solvents, and yields a three-dimensional (3D) network of interconnected pores 300-900 µm in size. In addition, an interconnected porosity is generated, yielding a hierarchical porous architecture from the macro to the molecular scale. This porosity depends on both the drying/preservation technology (freeze drying or oven drying at 37• C) and on the content and microstructure of the reinforcing ceramic. For freeze-dried samples, the porosities were approximately 30, 66 and below 3% for pore sizes of 600-900 µm, 100-200 µm and 50-100 nm, respectively. The pore structure depends much on the ceramic content, so that higher contents lead to the disappearance of the characteristic honeycomb structure observed in low-ceramic scaffolds and to a lower fraction of the 100-200-µm-sized pores. The nature of the hydrogel did not affect the pore size distribution but was crucial for the behavior of the scaffolds in a hydrated medium: gellan-containing scaffolds showed a higher swelling degree owing to the presence of more hydrophilic groups.

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Section: Bulkmentioning

confidence: 61%

Section: Scaffold Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Control of the pore architecture in three-dimensional hydroxyapatite-reinforced hydrogel scaffolds

Román

Cabañas

Peña

et al. 2011

Science and Technology of Advanced Materials

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“…Different approaches have been employed to fabricate dual-pore scaffolds for tissue engineering using both natural and synthetic polymers [3,[11][12][13][14][15]18,19]. For controlling the size and degree of porosity of the random pores as well as the mechanical properties of the scaffolds, the two major fabrication techniques have been freeze-drying [3,11,13,14,20] and salt leaching [11,12,16] process.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently various solid freeform (SFF) fabrication techniques such as stereolithography based printing have been reported to fabricate 3D porous scaffolds with well controlled pore size, porosity and mechanical properties using photo-crosslinkable materials [21,22]. Sacrificial moulds from SFF fabrication [11] or metallic wires [3,12,16,19] have been implemented for the generation of structured pores. Automated SFF fabricated moulds have several advantages compared to metal wire based moulds that require choice of wire dimensions and time consuming manual assembly of a number of wires.…”

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confidence: 99%

Fabrication of scalable tissue engineering scaffolds with dual-pore microarchitecture by combining 3D printing and particle leaching

Mohanty

Sanger

Heiskanen

et al. 2016

Materials Science and Engineering: C

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a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f oLimitations in controlling scaffold architecture using traditional fabrication techniques are a problem when constructing engineered tissues/organs. Recently, integration of two pore architectures to generate dual-pore scaffolds with tailored physical properties has attracted wide attention in tissue engineering community. Such scaffolds features primary structured pores which can efficiently enhance nutrient/oxygen supply to the surrounding, in combination with secondary random pores, which give high surface area for cell adhesion and proliferation. Here, we present a new technique to fabricate dual-pore scaffolds for various tissue engineering applications where 3D printing of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) mould is combined with salt leaching process. In this technique the sacrificial PVA mould, determining the structured pore architecture, was filled with salt crystals to define the random pore regions of the scaffold. After crosslinking the casted polymer the combined PVA-salt mould was dissolved in water. The technique has advantages over previously reported ones, such as automated assembly of the sacrificial mould, and precise control over pore architecture/dimensions by 3D printing parameters. In this study, polydimethylsiloxane and biodegradable poly(ϵ-caprolactone) were used for fabrication. However, we show that this technique is also suitable for other biocompatible/biodegradable polymers. Various physical and mechanical properties of the dual-pore scaffolds were compared with control scaffolds with either only structured or only random pores, fabricated using previously reported methods. The fabricated dual-pore scaffolds supported high cell density, due to the random pores, in combination with uniform cell distribution throughout the scaffold, and higher cell proliferation and viability due to efficient nutrient/oxygen transport through the structured pores. In conclusion, the described fabrication technique is rapid, inexpensive, scalable, and compatible with different polymers, making it suitable for engineering various large scale organs/tissues.

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The Major Properties

Dorozhkin¹

2016

Calcium Orthophosphate‐Based Bioceramics and Biocomposites

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An alternative technique to shape scaffolds with hierarchical porosity at physiological temperature

Cited by 53 publications

References 53 publications

Control of the pore architecture in three-dimensional hydroxyapatite-reinforced hydrogel scaffolds

Control of the pore architecture in three-dimensional hydroxyapatite-reinforced hydrogel scaffolds

Fabrication of scalable tissue engineering scaffolds with dual-pore microarchitecture by combining 3D printing and particle leaching

The Major Properties

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