“…As F1 is inversely related to vowel height and F2 is inversely related to vowel backness, studies that find qualitative differences between long and short vowels report higher F1/lower F2 values for front vowels, and higher F1/higher F2 values for back vowels when they move toward the center of the vowels space (e.g. Bukshaisha 1985, Alghamdi 1998, Saadah 2011, Almbark 2012, Kalaldeh 2018 for Arabic dialects; Hillenbrand et al 1995, Clopper, Pisoni & de Jong 2005, Labov et al 2005 for English; Aronow, McHugh & Molnar 2017, Mokari et al 2017, Hemmatnia, Ghazanfari & Nourbakhsh 2019 for Persian, among many others).…”