An all-sky catalogue of cold cores observed withPlanck-HFI: simulation and colour detection algorithms

Abstract

Context. Planck will provide an unprecedented view of the (cold dust in both diffuse regions and dense cores and associated gas in the Galaxy), resulting in the observation of a large number of cold objects. Understanding the processes acting at the very earliest stages of star formation requires a detailed study of these cold cores. Aims. We present an algorithm which is able to compile a reliable catalogue of cold cores from the Planck High Frequency Instrument (HFI) data. We construct models of the cold cores and validate the extraction algorithm on simulated Planck data. Methods. We model cold cores along with their warmer envelopes which are then injected into a full sky simulation of Planck HFI data. These cold cores are mostly embedded in the relatively warmer Galactic background, in particular in the plane where there is a high level of confusion. We have developed two detection algorithms which make use of the colour of the cores rather than simply extracting compact sources from the individual frequency maps. The cold sources present a relative emission excess at wavelengths longer than 350 μm (i.e. 857 GHz), and thus provide the necessary signature to separate them from the diffuse Galactic emission and warmer cores. Furthermore, using an optimised photometry algorithm for embedded cold sources, reliable fluxes can be extracted. Results. We recover nearly 3% of our input sources, with 60% completeness at high latitude. This suggests that we will be able to compile a catalogue of nearly 5000 objects over the entire sky with a reliability of 98%. These detections cover the entire simulated mass range from 0.4 to 10 000 solar masses and cover the entire sky, including a small number of sources on the far side of the Galaxy. Conclusions. This algorithm is ready to be applied on Planck HFI data, and will be able to produce a reliable catalogue of sources ready for follow up observations, in particular for the Herschel open-time key-program on Galactic cold cores.

The physical state of selected cold clumps

“…The Planck and IRAS (100 µm) surveys have been used to compose the Cold Clump Catalogue of Planck Objects (C3PO), from which 915 most reliable detections were published as the Early Cold Clumps Catalogue (353−857 GHz, 350−850 µm), ECC (see, e.g., Planck Collaboration VII 2011; Planck Collaboration XXII 2011). The sources were detected with the method described in Montier et al (2010) and the initial results on the Planck detections were described in Planck Collaboration XXII (2011), Planck Collaboration XXIII (2011. The final version of C3PO is currently in preparation and will provide a global view of the cold clump population over the whole sky.…”

Planckearly results. XXIII. The first all-sky survey of Galactic cold clumps

“…This type of distribution has already been demonstrated using simulations (see Fig. 10 of Montier et al 2010). The lack of detections at large distances is mainly caused by the effects of confusion within the Galactic plane, which reduces the efficiency of the detection method.…”

“…We have applied the detection method described in Montier et al (2010), known as CoCoCoDeT (Cold Core Colour Detection Tool), on the combined IRIS plus Planck data set described in Sect. 2.1.…”

Planck2013 results. XXIX. ThePlanckcatalogue of Sunyaev-Zeldovich sources

“…Galactic sources in dense and cold regions at high latitudes also contaminate the SZ detections outside the Galactic mask. These cold Galactic sources (CGS, see Planck Collaboration XXIII 2011;Planck Collaboration XXII 2011) are detected in the Planck channel maps following an optimized method proposed by Montier et al (2010). The SZ detections matching with PS at both 545 and 857 GHz, or with CGS sources, all show a rising spectrum at high frequencies, indicating that they are false detections.…”