An all-in-one electro-membrane extraction: Development of an electro-membrane extraction method for the simultaneous extraction of acidic and basic drugs with a wide range of polarities

Koruni, Mohammad Hossein; Tabani, Hadi; Gharari, Hossein; Fakhari, Ali Reza

doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2014.07.075

Cited by 50 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Thus, the maximum stable rate (1000 rpm) was applied in all the experiments. Also according to the previous studies , the presence of high content of ionic substances causes an increase in the value of the ion balance (χ), which is defined as the ratio of the total ionic concentration in the sample solution to that in the acceptor solution, which in turn decreases the flux of analytes across the SLM. Therefore, this factor was removed from variables.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…The high efficiency of 1‐octanol is related to high Kamlet and Taft values for polarizability (π) and hydrogen bond acidity (α) . Also, it was observed that formation of intense whirlpool in sample solution and bubble formation around the hollow fiber at the stirring rates higher than 1000 rpm significantly decrease the extractability . Thus, the maximum stable rate (1000 rpm) was applied in all the experiments.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The examined levels of these factors are given in Supporting Information Table 1. These levels were selected based on previous works . The normalized peak area for each run was selected as the response objective for the study.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Electrokinetic transport by applying two electrodes, one in the donor aqueous sample and the other in the aqueous acceptor solution and an electrical potential difference between them, can overcome this major drawback in the extraction time . This new concept is called electromembrane extraction (EME) that has been used for the extraction of several basic and acidic drugs with different log P values from biological and environmental samples . Charged analytes in the DP migrate across the SLM, toward the electrode of opposite charge in the AP.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on earlier finding, basic analytes were successfully extracted with nitro aromatic solvents such as NPOE Also, it has been found that the addition of hydrophobic ion‐pair reagents such as di‐(2‐ethylhexyl) phosphate or tri‐(2‐ethylhexyl) phosphate to SLM could improve phase transfer and electrokinetic migration of basic analytes with low polarity . On the other hand, 1‐octanol and 1‐octanol plus some CTAB, an ion‐pairing agent, have been used for the extraction of acidic drugs of higher and lower hydrophilicity, respectively . In another report, Ramos‐Payan et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Introduction of high nitrogen doped graphene as a new cationic carrier in electromembrane extraction

et al. 2016

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This paper proposes for the first time, the use of high nitrogen doped graphene (HND-G) as a new cationic carrier for the enhancement of electromembrane extraction (EME) performance. Sensitivity of EME was improved by the modification of supported liquid membrane composition through the addition of HND-G into 1-octanol for the extraction of naproxen and sodium diclofenac as model acidic drugs. The comparison between HND-G-modified EME and conventional EME showed that HND-G could increase the overall partition coefficient of acidic drugs in the membrane due to the fact that HND-G acts as an ion pair reagent and there is an electrostatic interaction between positively charged HND-G and acidic drugs with negative charge. During the extraction, model acidic drugs migrated from a 10 mL aqueous sample solution (pH 9.6) through a thin layer of 1-octanol containing 0.6% w/v of HND-G that was impregnated in the pores of a hollow fiber, into a 30 μL basic aqueous acceptor solution (pH 12.3) present in the lumen of the hollow fiber. Equilibrium extraction conditions were obtained after 16 min of operation with the whole assembly agitated at 1000 rpm. Under the optimized conditions, the enrichment factors were between 238 and 322 and also the LODs ranged from 0.1 to 0.7 ng/mL in different samples. Finally, the applicability of this method was evaluated by the extraction and determination of drugs of interest in real urine samples.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Introduction of high nitrogen doped graphene as a new cationic carrier in electromembrane extraction

et al. 2016

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Membrane supported liquid-liquid-liquid microextraction combined with field-amplified sample injection CE-UV for high-sensitivity analysis of six cardiovascular drugs in human urine sample

Zhou

Chen

et al. 2016

ELECTROPHORESIS

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An effective dual preconcentration method involving off-line membrane supported liquid-liquid-liquid microextraction (MS-LLLME) and on-line field-amplified sample injection (FASI) was proposed for the extraction of six cardiovascular drugs, including mexiletine, xylocaine, propafenone, propranolol, metoprolol, and carvedilol from aqueous solution prior to CE-UV. In MS-LLLME, the analytes were extracted from 9 mL sample solution into toluene, and then back extracted into a drop of acceptor phase of 10 μL 20 mmol/L acetic acid. After that, the acceptor phase was directly introduced into CE for FASI without any modification. In FASI process, water plug was hydrodynamically injected (50 mbar, 3 s) into the capillary prior to sample injection (+6 kV, 18 s). Six target analytes were separated in less than 10 min at 25°C with a BGE consisting of 70 mmol/L Tris-H3 PO4 (pH 2.2) containing 10% v/v methanol. Under the optimized conditions, LODs obtained by the proposed MS-LLLME-FASI-CE-UV method were in the range of 0.02-0.82 μg/L (based on S/N = 3) with enrichment factors of 546- to 7300-fold for the target analytes. The RSDs of the developed method were in the range of 6.7-12.9% (n = 7). Good linearity (R(2) = 0.9928-0.9997) was obtained in concentration range of 0.1-100 μg/L for mexiletine and propranolol, 0.2-100 μg/L for xylocaine and metoprolol, 0.5-100 μg/L for propafenone and 2.0-100 μg/L for carvedilol, respectively. The developed method was successfully applied for real-time determination of metoprolol in human urine samples within 26 h after uptake.

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Electromembrane extraction using two separate cells: A new design for simultaneous extraction of acidic and basic compounds

Nojavan

Asadi

2015

Electrophoresis

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Simultaneous extraction of acidic and basic analytes from a sample is seen to be a challenging task. In this work, a novel and efficient electromembrane extraction (EME) method based on two separate cells was applied to simultaneously extract and preconcentrate two acidic drugs (naproxen and ibuprofen) along with a basic drug (ketamine). Once both cells were filled with the sample solution, basic drug was extracted from one cell with the other cell used to extract acidic drugs. The employed supported liquid membranes for the extraction of acidic and basic drugs were 2-ethyl hexanol and 1-octanol, respectively. Under an applied potential of 250 V in the course of the extraction process, acidic, and basic drugs were extracted from a 3.0 mL aqueous sample solution into 25 μL acceptor solutions. The pH values of the donor and acceptor solutions in the cathodic cell were 5.0 and 1.5, respectively, the corresponding values in the anodic cell were, however, 8.0 and 12.5, respectively. The rates of recovery obtained within 20 min of extraction time at a stirring rate of 750 rpm ranged from 45 to 54%. With correlation coefficients ranging from 0.990 to 0.996, the proposed EME technique provided good linearity over a concentration range of 20-1000 ng/mL. The LOD for all drugs was found to be 6.7 ng/mL, while reproducibility ranged from 7 to 12% (n = 5). Finally, applying the proposed method to determine and quantify the drugs in urine and wastewater samples, satisfactory results were achieved.

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An all-in-one electro-membrane extraction: Development of an electro-membrane extraction method for the simultaneous extraction of acidic and basic drugs with a wide range of polarities

Cited by 50 publications

References 15 publications

Introduction of high nitrogen doped graphene as a new cationic carrier in electromembrane extraction

Introduction of high nitrogen doped graphene as a new cationic carrier in electromembrane extraction

Membrane supported liquid-liquid-liquid microextraction combined with field-amplified sample injection CE-UV for high-sensitivity analysis of six cardiovascular drugs in human urine sample

Electromembrane extraction using two separate cells: A new design for simultaneous extraction of acidic and basic compounds

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