An Age-Period-Cohort Approach to Analyse Late-Life Depression Prevalence in Six European Countries, 2004–2016

Bramajo, Octavio

doi:10.1007/s10680-022-09610-x

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Although women have a longer life expectancy, the prevalence of depression is also higher among them (Salk et al, 2017 ). Consistently, previous research has shown a differential impact of depression on healthy life expectancies, depending on gender, with women at all ages expecting to live a higher proportion of their life with depression (Andrade et al, 2016 ; Alves and Pereira, 2018 ; García et al, 2019 ; Wu et al, 2021 ; Bramajo, 2022 ).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Gender differences in life expectancy free of depressive symptoms in Chile between 2003 and 2016

Moreno,

Monsalves,

Rueda

et al. 2024

Camb. prisms Glob. ment. health

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The aim of the study was to analyze gender differences in life expectancy free of depressive symptoms among the adult population in Chile between 2003 and 2016. The Sullivan method was used to estimate the total and marginal life expectancy, based on prevalence data from the National Health Survey (2003, 2010 and 2016), and abridged life tables for the Chilean population. There was a compression of morbidity among middle-aged men during the first period and among younger and older women during the last one. Men at all ages could expect to live a higher proportion of their lives without depressive symptoms during the whole period. The gender gap in the proportion of life expectancy free of depressive symptoms reached 10 percent points or more, considering almost all ages and periods. Unemployment and lower education increased the probability of depressive symptoms, and these effects were more marked among women. Public policies should have a gender-sensitive approach to address the gap in depression and the disadvantage experienced by women in life expectancy free of depressive symptoms, considering those dimensions that intersect with gender, such as access to education, employment or income. Impact statementDepression is the most frequent mental health problem. The international literature consistently reports a gender gap in depression. Also, an association between this gap and gender inequalities is supported by previous evidence. This study adds to the previous knowledge by examining if the advantage in life expectancy experienced by women compensates the higher prevalence of depressive symptoms across the life span through the assessment of gender differences in life expectancy free of depressive symptoms in 2003, 2010 and 2016 in Chile. Our findings showed a persistent gender gap, with women expecting to live 10 percent points or more of their remaining life with depressive symptoms, compared to men, at all ages and years considered. We analyzed the interaction of gender with other social dimensions that could exacerbate gender differences, and we observed that lower level of education and unemployment increased the probability of depressive symptoms among men and women, but the effect was larger and more persistent among women. The results of our research support the importance of including a gender approach in public policies aimed at reducing inequalities among the population in Chile, considering the intersection of gender and other social dimensions that amplify disadvantages among certain groups of the population. With respect to mental health care, efforts have been made in Chile to improve access, quality, opportunity and financial protection to health-care users via the Regime of Explicit Health Guarantees (GES program), which included depression in 2006. The guidelines of this program should be updated, considering gender perspective and tailored interventions, to improve not only the access of certain groups but also the relevance and effectiveness of treatments.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Gender differences in life expectancy free of depressive symptoms in Chile between 2003 and 2016

Moreno,

Monsalves,

Rueda

et al. 2024

Camb. prisms Glob. ment. health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Previous studies in US and European samples had provided conflicting evidence regarding the existence of a cohort effect in trends in depressive symptoms, with some providing support for a cohort effect (Bramajo, 2022 ; Sullivan et al, 2020 ; Twenge et al, 2019 ), and others providing no support for it (Keyes et al, 2019 ; Spiers et al, 2011 ). As I found evidence for a general cohort effect in Germany, the current study supports the existence of a cohort effect in depression trends.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Using an English sample, they found little evidence for changes in common mental disorder over time. Contrasting with these results, Bramajo ( 2022 ) recently analyzed trends in depression in six European countries, including Germany. Using age-period-cohort methods, they found increases in the prevalence of depression among younger born cohorts, especially among men.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-period-cohort analysis of depression trends: are depressive symptoms increasing across generations in Germany?

Beller

2022

Eur J Ageing

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Several studies have examined trends in depression, but only few have explicitly considered possible generational differences. I examined changes in the burden of depressive symptoms between 2002 and 2017 according to age, time period and birth cohort in Germany. I used population-based data drawn from the German Aging Survey (N = 33,723, 54% female, ages 40 +) from 2002, 2008, 2011, 2014, and 2017. Depressive symptoms were measured via the CES-D 15. Hierarchical age-period-cohort models were used to examine trends in depression. I found that depressive symptoms changed across age, time period and birth cohorts. While there was a general decrease across time periods, strong evidence for a U-shaped cohort effect was also found: Younger generations, beginning with cohorts born after the World War II, increasingly report more depressive symptoms than older generations. This U-shaped cohort trend appeared most pronounced for the somatic symptoms subscale. Contrarily, only minimal cohort differences were found regarding the positive affect subscale. Therefore, depressive symptoms, and especially somatic symptoms, seem to increase in more recent birth cohorts in Germany, who might thus be at risk to experience more mental health problems in the future. Potential reasons for these trends and the generalizability of the results to other countries should be investigated by future studies.

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“…The decision to merge two consecutive waves when possible was led by the otherwise relatively small sample size of some ethnic groups that would have been unsuitable for an APC analysis. This strategy has been used in the past, see Bramajo (2022) . This process was followed for all waves except for 2018, which was not combined with 2020.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceived Age Discrimination in the Second Half of Life: An Examination of Age, Period, and Cohort Effects

Ayalon,

Bramajo

2023

Innovation in Aging

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Background and Objectives Ageism is defined as stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination based on age. Perceived age discrimination (e.g., the behavioral component of ageism) is highly prevalent in society, reported by one in three people in Europe. The present study examined variations in perceived age discrimination in the second half of life. We adopt a comprehensive approach which examines whether perceived age discrimination varies by age (chronological time from birth), period (the context when data were collected), or cohort (a group of people with shared life events experienced at a similar age) across gender and ethnic origin. Research Design and Methods We relied on psychosocial data from the Health and Retirement Survey between 2006 and 2018. We ran a set of age-period-cohort (APC) models to determine the separate effects of aging (age) factors, contextual (period) factors and generational (cohort) factors on perceived age discrimination. Results Our findings show that perceived age discrimination increases with age but reaches a plateau around the age of 75. There also were some cohort effects, but they appeared minimal and inconsistent. No period effects were found. Discussion and Implications The findings attest to the consistent nature of perceived age discrimination, which is less likely to be impacted by external contextual events. It also is less likely to be affected by gender or ethnicity. The findings also suggest that it is older persons who are more likely to report age discrimination, thus, interventions should address ageism in this age group.

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An Age-Period-Cohort Approach to Analyse Late-Life Depression Prevalence in Six European Countries, 2004–2016

Cited by 8 publications

References 45 publications

Gender differences in life expectancy free of depressive symptoms in Chile between 2003 and 2016

Gender differences in life expectancy free of depressive symptoms in Chile between 2003 and 2016

Age-period-cohort analysis of depression trends: are depressive symptoms increasing across generations in Germany?

Perceived Age Discrimination in the Second Half of Life: An Examination of Age, Period, and Cohort Effects

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