An agarose based phantom embedded in an in vitro liver tissue to simulate tumors: First experience

Lopez-Haro, S. A.; Trujillo, C. J.; Vera, A.; Leija, L.

doi:10.1109/pahce.2011.5871892

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 16 publications

(19 reference statements)

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“…Torso phantoms are mostly constructed for hyperthermia and electromagnetic radiation (SAR) studies of various organs [20], [97] and over the whole body [37], [47], [66], [99]- [102]. However, some phantoms are reported for ultra-wideband applications [102], [103].…”

Section: Torso Phantomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial Human Phantoms: Human Proxy in Testing Microwave Apparatuses That Have Electromagnetic Interaction with the Human Body

2015

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INTRODUCTIONuantitative and explicit validation of the performance and safety of microwave systems and devices that have electromagnetic interaction with the human body are critical factors of the technological development process. Although a numerical model of the system environment can be ideally simulated, it cannot reflect the realistic environment which is vulnerable to various electrical, mechanical and environmental interferences. Hence, the presence of human body is the best measurement environment for these systems. However, newly designed devices/systems that rely on the human body-electromagnetic fields interactions require multiple tests/measurements under a controlled environment. That environment is needed to validate the performance at all the possible scenarios of operation, and make sure of the safety of those devices and systems. For example, a breast imaging system is needed to be evaluated by detecting tumors in multiple locations and it is unthinkable to do that on a real patient; hence breast phantoms are demanded in order to obtain optimum system design and algorithms before moving to human clinical trials. Moreover, some experiments, such as specific absorption rate (SAR) and hyperthermia cannot be done on human beings due to the need to monitor variation of power intensity and temperature inside tissues. Employing live human participants for testing devices exposes the entire test procedure to several inherent uncertainties, such as respiratory movement, cardiovascular vibration and variable skin humidity in addition, of course, to the safety concern of the new devices. Also, application of the devices and systems on human subjects or human-related materials is a serious ethical issue where the researchers must receive an ethical clearance from proper authorities, and it can be difficult to reasonably estimate and investigate the level of risks from various scientific, physical and psychological aspects beforehand. Thus, the utilization of artificial tissue emulating (ATE) phantoms is much beneficiary for the testing purpose of a device or system.

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