An Adaptive Protection Scheme Based on a Modified Heap-Based Optimizer for Distance and Directional Overcurrent Relays Coordination in Distribution Systems

Abstract

This paper proposes an adaptive protection scheme (APS) based on the original heap-based optimization (HBO) and a modified HBO (MHBO). APS is used to solve protection relays coordination problems that include directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) as well as the distance relay’s second zone times. The complexity of the coordination problem increases with the impact of distributed generators (DGs) switching (ON/OFF). Topological changes in grid configuration frequently occur in distributing networks, equipped with DGs, causing changes in the values and direction of short circuit currents. This issue becomes a challenge for protection systems to avoid relays miscoordination and save a network’s reliability. In the proposed MHBO, the Original HBO is modified by three points, population are divided into subgroups, then they are unified into one group gradually, those subgroups are exchanging some search agents between themselves, these search agents are called travelling agents, and the last one is about, upgrading an internal equation in the original algorithm. For validating the proposed relays coordination, the IEEE 8-bus test system, and the IEEE 14-bus distribution network are selected as case studies. The obtained simulated results of the proposed algorithm show better performance compared with those obtained by the previous algorithms.

Optimal coordination of distance relays and non‐standard characteristics for directional overcurrent relays using a modified African vultures optimization algorithm

“…By relays settings, the total operating time for zone-2 and all primary relays of the DOCRs can be minimized. Additionally, the validation of the sequential operation between primary and backup relays must be maintained by obtained relay settings [25][26][27][28][29][30]. Combination distance and DOCRs coordination are regarded as constraint…”

“…With this approach, a spiral equation is established between each vulture and one of the two top vultures. Using Equations ( 25), (26) and (27). The location of the vultures is updated using Equation (27).…”

“…The $${\alpha }_{lower}$$and $${\alpha }_{upper}$$ are 0.14 and 120, respectively. The $${\beta }_{lower}$$ and $${\beta }_{upper}$$ are 1 and 2, respectively [1–32].…”

“…The ant colony optimization algorithm (ACO) and ACO‐LP algorithm have been applied in [10] to solve the coordination problem of distance relays and DOCRs. Using a modified heap‐based optimizer (MHBO), the coordination problem for the combined distance relays and DOCRs has been solved [26]. The coordination of combined DOCRs and distance relays has been suggested to be solved using GA and human behaviour‐based optimization (HBBO) [5].…”

Research Progress, Trends, and Current State of Development on PEMFC-New Insights from a Bibliometric Analysis and Characteristics of Two Decades of Research Output

“…The world's growing energy demand, as well as the negative impact of the world's major source of energy, i.e., fossil fuel, on the environment, has led to global leaders finding other alternatives for our energy needs [1,2]. Additionally, issues such as price fluctuations in the energy market coupled with the finite nature of fossil fuels make it imperative to find sustainable ways of energy generation [3][4][5][6][7]. It should be noted that for sustainable energy, such as solar and wind energy, the intermittent nature limits their large-scale applications, which opens spatial and temporal gaps between the availability of the energy and its consumption by the end-users [8].…”