“…Using X-ray computed microtomography, studies have coupled experimental observations of real and artificial soil with LBM to determine pore-scale fluid distributions and movement [Landry et al, 2014;Sukop et al, 2008]. Microfluidic devices have been used to study both physical [Karadimitriou et al, 2014[Karadimitriou et al, , 2013Liu et al, 2011;Pyrak-Nolte et al, 2008] and biological [Markov et al, 2010a;Olson et al, 2004;Rubinstein et al, 2015;Singh and Olson, 2011;Stanley et al, 2016;Tang et al, 2013] pore-scale soil phenomena, and have been combined with LBM to evaluate fluid flow phenomena [Dye et al, 2016;Gray et al, 2015] and reactive transport [Yoon et al, 2012] at the pore scale. Precise control of micromodel physical structure can be achieved, and devices cast in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) can be fabricated with similar surface properties to quartz sand [Roman and Culbertson, 2006].…”