“…Shepherding problem (Long et al, 2020) refers to the problem of designing the movement law of steering agents (called shepherds) to navigate another set of agents (called sheep) driven by the repulsive force from steering agents and has been attracting emerging attention by its applicability in robotics (Chung et al, 2018), group dynamics (Vemula et al, 2018), and nanochemistry (Mou et al, 2020). Against the development of leader-following control (Consolini et al, 2008;Qu et al, 2021), several works of shepherding research have been published toward providing effective solutions to the shepherding problem within various scientific fields including the systems and control theory (Bacon and Olgac, 2012;Pierson and Schwager, 2018), robotics (Zhi and Lien, 2021), and the complexity science (El-Fiqi et al, 2020).…”