The stability of a near-critical fluid is studied in the Rayleigh-Bénard configuration: the fluid is heated from below or presents itself as a layer of a heavier fluid is on top a lighter one. The Rayleigh-Bénard instability is first addressed showing a double Rayleigh-Bénard situation thanks to the presence of the piston effect. The stability criterium is then discussed and some similarities with geophysical flows described. In the case of a warm fluid layer topped by a cooler one, it is shown that the thermal diffusion layer behaves as an interface and gives rise to a Rayleigh-Taylor like instability. Thermo-acoustic oscillations at the Rayleigh-Bénard threshold are described. They come from the interaction between thermal plumes with the thermostated, horizontal upper wall.
Rayleigh-Bénard Instability
Rayleigh and Schwarzschild CriteriaWhen a square cavity containing a fluid is initially heated from the side, there is fluid motion for any value of the thermal gradient; the configuration is said to be unconditionally unstable since a vanishingly slow motion exists for a vanishingly small temperature gradient. When the cavity is initially heated from below, the configuration is said to be conditionally stable: for small and steady temperature differences between the bottom and top plates, the fluid initially remains at rest, and heat is transported by diffusion; for increasing values of the temperature gradient, the fluid suddenly starts to move at a given threshold value of the temperature gradient. In this case, internal motion starts within the fluid due to buoyancy, which attempts to even out the temperature throughout the sample. However, this motion is hindered by the density and pressure stratification of the fluid and dissipative processes. Usually, the effect of one of these two factors on the onset of convection is analyzed, and this leads to either the Rayleigh criterion or the Schwarzschild criterion, both of which B. Zappoli et al., Heat Transfers and