Pulmonary hypertension is a disease process affecting the pulmonary circulation
and is defined by an increase in pulmonary artery pressure subsequently causing
right ventricular failure. Vascular complications, including arteriovenous
fistulae, are recognised, but are uncommon complications of spinal surgery.
Arteriovenous fistulae increase venous return to the right heart and can induce
a high-output cardiac state, mimicking pulmonary arterial hypertension and right
heart failure. We present a 47-year-old man with a 1 year history of worsening
dyspnoea, exertional pre-syncope and leg swelling presenting with severe right
heart failure. The previous year, he had complex spinal surgery, which included
discectomy, laminectomy and bilateral nerve reconstruction at L5-S1 level.
Initial non-invasive investigations including echocardiography and chest imaging
raised the possibility of right heart failure presumed secondary to pulmonary
vascular disease. Clinical examination and right heart catheterisation were in
keeping with a high cardiac output state, and invasive saturation monitoring was
suggestive of a sub-diaphragmatic shunt. Subsequent imaging confirmed the
presence of an iatrogenic ilio-iliac arteriovenous fistula. The patient
underwent urgent endovascular repair, which resulted in resolution of his
symptoms and haemodynamics. We describe the case and present a review of the
relevant literature.