An active heat tracer experiment to determine groundwater velocities using fiber optic cables installed with direct push equipment

Bakker, Mark; Caljé, Ruben; Schaars, Frans; Made, Kees-Jan van der; Haas, Sander de

doi:10.1002/2014wr016632

Cited by 53 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…For thermal tracer tests, it is important that the injection volume and the temperature difference of the introduced water are sufficient to achieve detectable temperature changes in the observation well. Another option of generating temperature anomalies is in situ heating with a submersible heat source (e.g., heating cable) [ Bakker et al ., ; Coleman et al ., ; Seibertz et al ., ]. Here electrical energy is directly converted to heat in situ with a conductive source (Figure d).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Field validation of thermal tracer tomography for reconstruction of aquifer heterogeneity

Somogyvári

Bayer

2017

Water Resources Research

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In the summer of 2015, a series of thermal tracer tests were conducted at the Widen field site in northeast Switzerland to validate travel time-based thermal tracer tomography for reconstruction of aquifer heterogeneity. Repeated thermal tracer tests and distributed temperature observations were used to obtain a multisource/multireceiver tomographic experimental setup. After creating forced hydraulic gradient conditions, heated water was injected as a pulse temperature signal via a double-packer system. With this solution, long temperature recovery periods were not required between the repeated injections at the expense of smaller observed temperatures. The recorded temperature breakthrough curves delivered a tomographic travel time data set that was inverted assuming advection-dominated condition. The obtained hydraulic conductivity tomogram for a small aquifer profile is validated with the results of the findings from previous field investigations at the same site. The reconstructed profile confirms the presence of a thin sand layer with low permeability and reveals a previously unknown low-permeable zone close to the bottom of the aquifer. The inverted hydraulic conductivity values also correspond with those from previous tracer tests. Thus, the results of this study demonstrate the potential of thermal tracer tomography for resolving structures and transport characteristics of heterogeneous aquifers.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Field validation of thermal tracer tomography for reconstruction of aquifer heterogeneity

Somogyvári

Bayer

2017

Water Resources Research

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“…Among the numerous optical methods used to determine SWC, those based on distributed temperature sensing (DTS) systems using fiber optic cables are growing in surface water hydrology [1,25]. Their main advantages lie in their high spatial and temporal resolution in comparison with "point" measurements associated with HF electromagnetic sensors.…”

Section: Methods Based On Fiber Optic Temperature Sensing Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indirect determination of soil water content

Cosenza

2016

E3S Web Conf.

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Abstract. This manuscript reviews the recent developments in indirect methods used to measure soil watent content (SWC). It focuses on three types of methodological approaches: (i) high-frequency electromagnetic methodologies (dielectric methods and Ground Penetrating Radar), (ii) low-frequency electromagnetic methods (resistivity method and spectral induced polarization-SIP) and (iii) emerging methods (laboratory and ground-based nuclear magnetic resonance-NMR techniques and methods based on fiber optic temperature sensing systems). For each method the physical principles and the corresponding methodology are briefly described first, followed by the recent methodological advances. These recent advances address the following issues: (a) integration of different types of sensors to design new multi-functional devices, (b) miniaturization of low-cost and easily-installed electromagnetic sensors, (c) fusion and assimilation of data acquired from multiple modalities with different sampling rates and spatial resolutions, (d) physical understanding of spectra and distributed parameters measured by SIP and NMR methods, (e) improvement of geophysical inversion techniques combined with fast data acquisitions (4D monitoring of SWC).

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“…A short ($3 m long) actively heated DTS based tool that could be raised and lowered in a screened well was tested by Liu et al (2013) to characterize groundwater flux in a shallow borehole in alluvial sand and gravel. Bakker et al (2015) proposed a method to install optical fiber cables, perform active DTS tests and assess groundwater velocities in an uncosolidated shallow aquifer.…”

Section: Distributed Temperature Sensingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Groundwater flow characterization in a fractured bedrock aquifer using active DTS tests in sealed boreholes

Coleman

Parker

Maldaner

et al. 2015

Journal of Hydrology

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s u m m a r yIn recent years, wireline temperature profiling methods have evolved to offer new insight into fractured rock hydrogeology. Important advances in wireline temperature logging in boreholes make use of active line source heating alone and then in combination with temporary borehole sealing with flexible impervious fabric liners to eliminate the effects of borehole cross-connection and recreate natural flow conditions. Here, a characterization technique was developed based on combining fiber optic distributed temperature sensing (DTS) with active heating within boreholes sealed with flexible borehole liners. DTS systems provide a temperature profiling method that offers significantly enhanced temporal resolution when compared with conventional wireline trolling-based techniques that obtain a temperaturedepth profile every few hours. The ability to rapidly and continuously collect temperature profiles can better our understanding of transient processes, allowing for improved identification of hydraulically active fractures and determination of relative rates of groundwater flow. The advantage of a sealed borehole environment for DTS-based investigations is demonstrated through a comparison of DTS data from open and lined conditions for the same borehole. Evidence for many depth-discrete active groundwater flow features under natural gradient conditions using active DTS heat pulse testing is presented along with high resolution geologic and geophysical logging and hydraulic datasets. Implications for field implementation are discussed.

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An active heat tracer experiment to determine groundwater velocities using fiber optic cables installed with direct push equipment

Cited by 53 publications

References 43 publications

Field validation of thermal tracer tomography for reconstruction of aquifer heterogeneity

Field validation of thermal tracer tomography for reconstruction of aquifer heterogeneity

Indirect determination of soil water content

Groundwater flow characterization in a fractured bedrock aquifer using active DTS tests in sealed boreholes

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