An activation–verification model for letter and word recognition: The word-superiority effect.

Paap, Kenneth R.; Newsome, Sandra L.; McDonald, James E.; Schvaneveldt, Roger W.

doi:10.1037/0033-295x.89.5.573

Cited by 551 publications

(592 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…These include the multiple read-out model (Grainger & Jacobs, 1996), the dual-route cascaded model (Coltheart et al, 2001), the interactive activation model (McClelland & Rumelhart, 1981), and the activation-verification model (Paap et al, 1982). Contextsensitive encoding, such as with the "wickelfeature" scheme of the connectionist model of Seidenberg and McClelland (1989), cannot account for TL effects either.…”

Section: Models Of Visual Word Recognitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transposed-letter effects in reading: Evidence from eye movements and parafoveal preview.

Johnson¹,

Perea

Rayner³

2007

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

152

201

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Three eye movement experiments were conducted to examine the role of letter identity and letter position during reading. Before fixating on a target word within each sentence, readers were provided with a parafoveal preview that differed in the amount of useful letter identity and letter position information it provided. In Experiments 1 and 2, previews fell into 1 of 5 conditions: (a) identical to the target word, (b) a transposition of 2 internal letters, (c) a substitution of 2 internal letters, (d) a transposition of the 2 final letters, or (e) a substitution of the 2 final letters. In Experiment 3, the authors used a further set of conditions to explore the importance of external letter positions. The findings extend previous work and demonstrate that transposed-letter effects exist in silent reading. These experiments also indicate that letter identity information can be extracted from the parafovea outside of absolute letter position from the first 5 letters of the word to the right of fixation. Finally, the results support the notion that exterior letters play important roles in visual word recognition.Keywords: eye tracking, reading, transposed letters, parafoveal processing How are the letter identities and letter positions within a written word encoded? Letter identity and position must both play a role or people would be unable to distinguish between anagrams such as stop, pots, tops, opts, post, and spot. Although there is general agreement that a given letter string will activate not only the appropriate word from the lexicon but also a number of perceptually similar words, the specific way in which a model specifies the coding of letter position affects which words are considered similar.Many models, for example, assume a channel-specific (or position-specific) coding scheme. In such models, letter position is coded early in lexical processing and letters are immediately tagged to their position within the string of letters. Each letter is then processed within its specific channel independent of the other letters in the letter string. Examples of such models include the multiple read-out model (Grainger & Jacobs, 1996), the dual-route cascaded model (Coltheart, Rastle, Perry, Ziegler, & Langdon, 2001), the interactive activation model (McClelland & Rumelhart, 1981), and the activation-verification model (Paap, Newsome, McDonald, & Schvaneveldt, 1982). These models predict that the nonwords jugde, junpe, and juxxe are all equally similar to the word judge, because in each case, the nonword contains three letters in their correct letter positions. However, the nonword jugde shares all of the same letters as the word judge and differs only in a transposition of two internal, adjacent letters. So intuitively it seems that this transposed letter (TL) nonword jugde is much more similar to the base word judge than is the substituted letter (SL) nonword junpe. Indeed, research supports these intuitions; a number of experiments using a variety of tasks have found that TL nonwords are more similar to their...

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Section: Models Of Visual Word Recognitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transposed-letter effects in reading: Evidence from eye movements and parafoveal preview.

Johnson¹,

Perea

Rayner³

2007

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

152

201

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Following the original IA framework, more recent models of word recognition based on cascaded processing have incorporated the word-letter interactivity assumption (e.g., Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993;Grainger & Jacobs, 1996). However, the above account of the word superiority effect and other related findings has been questioned on both empirical and simulation grounds (Allen, Wallace, & Weber, 1995;Jacobs & Grainger, 1992;Mewhort & Johns, 1988;Paap, Newsome, McDonald, & Schvaneveldt, 1982). Hence, it remains unclear whether reading really involves interactive processes allowing activation at a higher processing level to reverberate and influence activation at a lower processing level.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Is Perception a Two-Way Street? The Case of Feedback Consistency in Visual Word Recognition

Peereman

Bonin

1998

Journal of Memory and Language

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It is generally assumed that during reading, the activation produced over orthographic units feeds forward to phonological units. Supporting interactive models of word recognition, Stone, Vanhoy, and Van Orden (1997) recently claimed that phonological activation reverberates to orthographic processing units and consequently constrains orthographic encoding. They found that the consistency of the relations between phonology and orthography (feedback consistency) influenced lexical decision performance. We explored the effect in five experiments conducted with French words. Although feedback consistency affected writing performance, no significant effect was observed in lexical decision even when inconsistency was defined so as to maximize the effect. We also show that previous reports of consistency effects in French (Ziegler, Montant, & Jacobs, 1997a) may be due to a confound between consistency and word frequency, as assessed by subjective frequency estimates. We conclude that there is at present little evidence that sound-to-print consistency influences orthographic encoding in visual word recognition.

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“…Paap and colleagues (Paap, Newsome, McDonald, & Schvaneveldt, 1982;Paap & Johansen, 1994) argued that frequency effects occur during a verification phase, following the initial activation phase. However, this claim has been challenged by Allen and colleagues (Allen, McNeal, & Kvak, 1992;Allen, Smith, Lien, Weber, & Madden, 1997).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Time Course of Frequency Effects in Spoken-Word Recognition: Evidence from Eye Movements

Dahan

Magnuson

Tanenhaus

2001

Cognitive Psychology

325

334

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An activation–verification model for letter and word recognition: The word-superiority effect.

Cited by 551 publications

References 26 publications

Transposed-letter effects in reading: Evidence from eye movements and parafoveal preview.

Transposed-letter effects in reading: Evidence from eye movements and parafoveal preview.

Is Perception a Two-Way Street? The Case of Feedback Consistency in Visual Word Recognition

Time Course of Frequency Effects in Spoken-Word Recognition: Evidence from Eye Movements

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