An Account of Copper-Free, Non-Metallic Friction Material Designs—Current Issues and Solution

Brake friction composite materials: A review on classifications and influences of friction materials in braking performance with characterizations

“…When temperature is high, it will fade. 43 Organic brake pads are again classified into asbestos-based & Non – asbestos-based, as shown in Figure 8(b).…”

“…These were called non – asbestos organic formulations. 43 It has a maximum metallic fibre, resins like phenolic or phenolic modified resins, synthetic graphites, fillers etc., to compensate for the asbestos used. For example, Premix (new non-asbestos brake pad composition) significantly impacted the tribological, physical, and mechanical qualities of the brake pads.…”

“…Semi-metallic brakes were similar to non-asbestos organic materials as it contained the formulation of more than 50 wt% of steel fibres and iron powders bounded by phenolic resin. 43 This formulation evolved as a replacement for asbestos fibres. These pads show outstanding performance in the street as well as track driving.…”

“…Usually, sintered materials get bonded to the steel core, and the core is copper-plated to ensure strength. 43 It dissipates high heat density. Matrix material can dissipate heat to prevent degradation.…”

“…Though steel fibre is not placed in these formulations, it provides excellent fade resistance compared to the semi-metallic. 43 As the number of materials involved in this process are more for controlling noise; the material design is quite complex. It has a high wt% of ceramic content and are bond with resin.…”