Amyloid nomenclature 2018: recommendations by the International Society of Amyloidosis (ISA) nomenclature committee

Benson, Merrill D.; Buxbaum, Joel N.; Eisenberg, David; Merlini, Giampaolo; Saraiva, Maria João; Sekijima, Yoshiki; Sipe, Jean D.; Westermark, Per

doi:10.1080/13506129.2018.1549825

Cited by 437 publications

(367 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…One step in this direction was that the Nomenclature Committee of the International Society of Amyloidosis suggested in 2014, and confirmed in 2016, that the diagnosis of amyloid requires “green, orange or yellow birefringence” to be seen, which is a change from its previous requirement of “green birefringence” . Unfortunately, the Nomenclature Committee reverted to “green‐yellow birefringence” and “yellow‐green birefringence” in 2018 …”

Section: The Orthodoxy Of “Green Birefringence” Questionedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origins of a pervasive, erroneous idea: The “green birefringence” of Congo red‐stained amyloid

Howie

2019

Int J Experimental Path

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Summary Congo red was discovered to stain amyloid by accident in 1922, and Congo red‐stained amyloid was shown to be birefringent on polarization microscopy in 1927. Colours, namely green and yellow, were reported under these conditions in 1945, although these are only two of various anomalous colours that may be seen, depending on the optical set‐up. In 1953 there began a dogmatic insistence that in Congo red‐stained amyloid between crossed polarizer and analyser green alone should be seen, and the finding of any other colour was a mistake. The idea that green, and only green, is essential for the diagnosis of amyloid has persisted almost universally, and virtually all mentions of Congo red‐stained amyloid say that it just shows “green birefringence” or “apple‐green birefringence.” This idea is wrong and is contrary to everyday experience, because green is seldom seen on its own under these conditions of microscopy, and often, there is no green at all. How observers maintain this unscientific position is explained by a study of its historical origins. Most of the early literature was in German or French and was usually quoted in English at second hand, which meant that misquotations, misattributions and misunderstandings were common. Few workers reported their findings accurately, hardly any attempted to explain them, and until 2008, none gave a completely satisfactory account of the physical optics. The history of Congo red‐stained amyloid is an instructive example of how an erroneous belief can become widely established even when it is contradicted by simple experience.

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Section: The Orthodoxy Of “Green Birefringence” Questionedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origins of a pervasive, erroneous idea: The “green birefringence” of Congo red‐stained amyloid

Howie

2019

Int J Experimental Path

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“…The specific type of amyloidosis is categorically named after its aetiological precursor. To date 36 precursor proteins are known, each of which expresses distinct organ tropism and clinical phenotype …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Variant ATTR, formerly known as hereditary/mutant ATTR, is an autosomal‐dominant disorder . More than 100 mutations in the TTR gene have been identified, the most frequent being a V30M variant, which lead to single amino acid substitutions .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To date 36 precursor proteins are known, each of which expresses distinct organ tropism and clinical phenotype. 2 This review will focus on transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR), which includes two sub-types -wild-type (ATTRwt) and variant ATTR (ATTRv) -that vary regarding their pathogenesis. Their common precursor protein transthyretin (TTR) physiologically functions as a transport protein for thyroxin and retinol-binding protein.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 Variant ATTR, formerly known as hereditary/mutant ATTR, is an autosomal-dominant disorder. 2 More than 100 mutations in the TTR gene have been identified, the most frequent being a such as tingling sensations or mild numbness in the lower extremities, is rare in comparison with ATTRv. However, diagnosis of stage 1 polyneuropathy, detectable only by thorough neurologic clinical examination and electromyography, is crucial in ATTRwt patients because it provides the indication for specific treatment, as outlined below.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Emerging therapies in transthyretin amyloidosis – a new wave of hope after years of stagnancy?

Müller

Butler

Heidecker

2020

European J of Heart Fail

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Transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR) is a rare, yet underdiagnosed disease characterized by progressive impairment of neurologic and cardiac function due to deposition of misfolded transthyretin. Despite great efforts, such as the introduction of orthotopic liver transplant, the devastating prognosis for both variant and wild‐type ATTR patients remained unchanged over the last decades, mainly due to a lack of specific therapies. Fortunately, recent years saw the introduction of promising targeted therapies, which aim to interfere with the deposition of misfolded transthyretin (TTR) at various stages of the cascade underlying ATTR progression. These include TTR tetramer stabilizers (tafamidis, diflunisal, epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate), TTR silencers (inotersen, patisiran) and fibril disruptors (monoclonal antibodies, doxycycline and tauroursodeoxycholic acid). In the context of this review we explain their mechanisms of action, analyse their efficacy on neurologic and cardiac function based on all clinical trials conducted to date and discuss their clinical applicability. Eventually suggestions for future clinical research into the field are provided.

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Systemic Amyloidosis Recognition, Prognosis, and Therapy

Gertz

Dispenzieri

2020

JAMA

173

191

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Key PointsQuestionWhen should clinicians suspect and how should they diagnose systemic amyloidosis?FindingsSystemic amyloidosis should be suspected in patients with nondiabetic proteinuria, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, unexplained peripheral neuropathy, or atypical monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance.MeaningLate diagnosis of amyloidosis is a barrier to improved outcomes. Early recognition by primary care clinicians is vital for effective therapy to have a meaningful effect on survival.

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Amyloid nomenclature 2018: recommendations by the International Society of Amyloidosis (ISA) nomenclature committee

Cited by 437 publications

References 10 publications

Origins of a pervasive, erroneous idea: The “green birefringence” of Congo red‐stained amyloid

Origins of a pervasive, erroneous idea: The “green birefringence” of Congo red‐stained amyloid

Emerging therapies in transthyretin amyloidosis – a new wave of hope after years of stagnancy?

Systemic Amyloidosis Recognition, Prognosis, and Therapy

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