Amygdalar NMDA Receptors Control the Expression of Associative Reflex Facilitation and Three Other Conditional Responses.

Lindquist, Derick H.; Brown, Thomas H.

doi:10.1037/0735-7044.118.1.36

Cited by 20 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 74 publications

(217 reference statements)

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“…When identically measured, the intensity of the 22 kHz tone was 67 dB. As in our previous studies (Choi et al, 2001;Lindquist and Brown, 2004), the intensity of the 4 kHz tone was 75 dB, measured using the C scale of a digital sound meter (model 33-2055;range, 32-10,000 Hz;Realistic, Fort Worth, TX).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…All freezing data were analyzed by the experimenter and a blind assistant, resulting in an interobserver correlation of r ϭ 0.94 (cf. Lindquist and Brown, 2004). The pattern of statistical significance was identical for both, although only freezing scores collected by the blind assistant were used for data analysis.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The interior dimensions were 22 (length) ϫ 28 (width) ϫ 42 (height) centimeters. The chambers were housed in sound-attenuating cubicles (Choi et al, 2001;Lindquist and Brown, 2004). Cue testing was done in a context that differed in three respects: the chamber was cleaned with a different odorant; the standard grid floor was replaced with a solid one; and a light bulb (ϳ25 lux) at the side of the chamber was illuminated.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Perirhinal Cortex Supports Delay Fear Conditioning to Rat Ultrasonic Social Signals

Lindquist¹,

Jarrard²,

Brown³

2004

J. Neurosci.

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Auditory information can reach the lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA) through a monosynaptic thalamic projection or a polysynaptic cortical route. The polymodal input from the perirhinal cortex (PR) is a major informational gateway to the LA and nearby structures. Pretraining PR lesions impair fear conditioning to a context, but there have been no reports that they cause deficits in delay conditioning to an auditory cue. The direct subcortical projection to the LA seems sufficient to support delay conditioning to a tone conditional stimulus (CS). We examined the effect of PR lesions on delay conditioning to two different tone conditional stimuli (4 and 22 kHz tones; both 10 sec duration) and two different rat ultrasonic vocalization (USV) conditional stimuli (10 sec of "22 kHz USVs"). The two USV conditional stimuli were multi-call segments that were recorded (digitized at 100 kHz) from two different rats. One USV CS was a continuous sequence of eight calls, and the other was a portion of a continuous sequence of six calls. PR lesions significantly impaired conditioning to both USV conditional stimuli and to the training context but had no significant effect on conditioning to either tone CS. The role of PR in fear conditioning appears not to be determined by whether the conditional stimuli serve as contexts or cues, but instead by the nature or complexity of the stimuli or stimulus configurations. These cue-specific effects of PR lesions are suggested to reflect differences in the stimulus features that are encoded in the two CS pathways to the LA.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 77%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Perirhinal Cortex Supports Delay Fear Conditioning to Rat Ultrasonic Social Signals

Lindquist¹,

Jarrard²,

Brown³

2004

J. Neurosci.

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“…However, involvement of the BLA in decremented learning after stress in females has not been previously demonstrated. Although the BLA is not necessary for eyeblink conditioning, lesions of the BLA profoundly retard acquisition (Neufeld and Mintz, 2001;Lee and Kim, 2004;Lindquist and Brown, 2004), suggesting that the BLA is involved in the modulation of learning during arousing and fearful conditions (Packard and Cahill, 2001;McGaugh, 2004). Inescapable stress elicits fear that generalizes beyond the context in which inescapable stress was conducted, and this fear is evident before US delivery (Maier, 1990).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Basolateral Nucleus of the Amygdala Is Necessary to Induce the Opposing Effects of Stressful Experience on Learning in Males and Females

Waddell

Bangasser²,

Shors

2008

J. Neurosci.

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The basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) has been implicated in the modulation of learning after stress. Acute inescapable stress enhances classical eyeblink conditioning in male rats, whereas the same stressor impairs eyeblink conditioning in female rats. The experiments here directly assessed whether inactivation of the BLA during stress exposure would block both the stress-induced facilitation in males and the retardation of eyeblink conditioning in females. To this end, the BLA was temporarily inactivated by infusion of the GABA agonist muscimol before acute stressor exposure. All rats were trained in a different context 24 h later. Males infused with muscimol before the stressful event did not exhibit facilitated eyeblink conditioning, whereas those infused with the vehicle emitted more conditioned responses than unstressed males. Females infused with muscimol before stress did not express a deficit in conditioning, whereas those infused with vehicle and stressed emitted fewer conditioned responses than unstressed vehicle controls. These data demonstrate that neuronal activity within the BLA during stress exposure is necessary to modulate learning 24 h later in a new context. Thus, the BLA is necessary to induce the long-term effect of stressful experience on conditioning regardless of sex and direction of modulation.

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“…For example, Penick and Solomon (1991) showed that, following conditioning of the nictitating membrane with a puff, a switch in context disrupted substantially the expression of the CR (Penick and Solomon 1991). However, a subsequent study did not replicate these results (Lindquist and Brown 2004). Another study found that the expression of CRs was substantially reduced after postacquisition exposure to the acquisition context relative to a home-cage control condition (Poulos et al 2006).…”

mentioning

confidence: 77%

Contextual specificity of extinction of delay but not trace eyeblink conditioning in humans

Grillon¹,

Alvarez²,

Johnson³

et al. 2008

Learn. Mem.

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Renewal of an extinguished conditioned response has been demonstrated in humans and in animals using various types of procedures, except renewal of motor learning such as eyeblink conditioning. We tested renewal of delay and trace eyeblink conditioning in a virtual environment in an ABA design. Following acquisition in one context (A, e.g., an airport) and extinction in a different context (B, e.g., a city), tests for renewal took place in the acquisition (A) and extinction context (B), in a counterbalanced order. Results showed renewal of the extinguished conditioned response in the delay but not trace condition.Contexts play an important role in the learning and expression of conditioned responses (CRs). In conditioning experiments, the preponderant view is that, while CRs following training generalize across contexts, extinguished CRs are context-specific (Bouton 2004). The context dependence of extinction has been demonstrated in renewal experiments in which, following acquisition training in one context (A), extinction training takes place in a different context (B). Extinction performance is then tested in a context different from the extinction context. Under these conditions, fear reemerges or renews following a return to the original acquisition context (ABA design) (Bouton 2004).Renewal is a robust effect, which has been documented in animals in appetitive and aversive conditioning as well as in flavor aversion learning (see Bouton 2002). Recently, renewal has also been demonstrated in humans using various aversive conditioning procedures and various types of CRs (Vansteenwegen et al. 2005;Alvarez et al. 2007). These results confirm that extinction of aversive conditioning is highly sensitive to contextual information while conditioned fear is not. However, less is known about contextual influence on motor learning such as eyeblink conditioning (EBC) in humans and in animals.There is some evidence that the context does not influence EBC as it does other forms of CR in rodents. For example, Penick and Solomon (1991) showed that, following conditioning of the nictitating membrane with a puff, a switch in context disrupted substantially the expression of the CR (Penick and Solomon 1991). However, a subsequent study did not replicate these results (Lindquist and Brown 2004). Another study found that the expression of CRs was substantially reduced after postacquisition exposure to the acquisition context relative to a home-cage control condition (Poulos et al. 2006). So far, we are not aware of any study that has investigated renewal of an extinguished CR in an EBC paradigm in humans or in animals. The main aims of this study were to examine whether EBC generalized across contexts and renewed in an ABA design in humans.During EBC, puff of air to the eye (US: unconditioned stimulus) is paired repeatedly with a short-duration tone (CS: conditioned stimulus), causing subjects to blink (unconditioned response). Following several tone-puff pairings, a conditioned eyeblink response develops subsequent to the tone...

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Amygdalar NMDA Receptors Control the Expression of Associative Reflex Facilitation and Three Other Conditional Responses.

Cited by 20 publications

References 74 publications

Perirhinal Cortex Supports Delay Fear Conditioning to Rat Ultrasonic Social Signals

Perirhinal Cortex Supports Delay Fear Conditioning to Rat Ultrasonic Social Signals

The Basolateral Nucleus of the Amygdala Is Necessary to Induce the Opposing Effects of Stressful Experience on Learning in Males and Females

Contextual specificity of extinction of delay but not trace eyeblink conditioning in humans

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