Amplification of an Esterase Gene Is Responsible for Insecticide Resistance in a California
            <i>Culex</i>
            Mosquito

Mouchès, C.; Pasteur, Nicole; Berge, J.-B.; Hyrien, Olivier; Raymond, Michel; Vincent, BR de Saint; Silvestri, Maurizio; Georghiou, G. P.

doi:10.1126/science.3755546

Cited by 327 publications

(157 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The putative mechanism involves a gene amplification that results in an overproduction of an esterase in resistant insects (Mouches et al, 1986;Field et al, 1988). Kinetic properties of this esterase are similar in susceptible and resistant insects (Devonshire, 1977); the esterase hydrolyses insecticides very slowly, but in highly resistant strains the enzyme accounts for 12% of the total soluble protein (Mouches et al, 1986).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Purification and characterization of a carboxylesterase involved in malathion-specific resistance from Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Haubruge

Amichot²,

Cuany³

et al. 2002

Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

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Specific resistance to malathion in a strain of Tribolium castaneum is due to a 44-fold increase in malathion carboxylesterase (MCE) activity relative to a susceptible strain, whereas non-specific esterase levels are slightly lower. Unlike the overproduced esterase of some mosquito and aphid species, MCE in Tribolium castaneum accounts for only a small fraction (0.033-0.045%) of the total extractable protein respectively in resistant and susceptible strains. The enzyme was purified to apparent homogeneity from these two strains and has a similar molecular weight of 62,000. However, preparative isoelectricfocusing indicated that resistant insects possess one MCE with pI of 7.3, while susceptible insects possess a MCE with a pI of 6.6. Purified MCE from both populations had different K m and V m values for hydrolysis of malathion as well as for α-naphthyl acetate. The kinetic analysis suggests that MCE of resistant insects hydrolyses malathion faster than the purified carboxylesterase from susceptible beetles and that this enzyme has greater affinity for malathion than for naphthyl esters. Malathion-specific resistance is due to the presence of a qualitatively different esterase in the resistant strain.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Purification and characterization of a carboxylesterase involved in malathion-specific resistance from Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Haubruge

Amichot²,

Cuany³

et al. 2002

Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

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“…Increased expression of Estα and Estβ esterases involved in OP-resistance is associated with gene amplification [9,10,18,19]. Amplification of a single esterase, coded for by the estβ1" gene, was first shown in the Californian TEM-R strain of mosquito [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Amplification of a single esterase, coded for by the estβ1" gene, was first shown in the Californian TEM-R strain of mosquito [18]. Immunological and molecular studies have since suggested that the estβ1", estβ1# and estβ2" genes were originally alleles of the same locus [10,20,21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Co-amplification explains linkage disequilibrium of two mosquito esterase genes in insecticide-resistant Culex quinquefasciatus

Vaughan

Hawkes

Hemingway

1997

Biochemical Journal

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The mosquito Culexquinquefasciatus (Say) is a vector of human disease and a world-wide biting nuisance. Organophosphorus insecticides (OPs) have been widely used to control C. quinquefasciatus populations and this has led to the emergence of OP-resistance. Predominantly, resistance is caused by increased production of two non-specific carboxylesterases, Estα21 and Estβ21. Increased abundance of these esterases is associated with the amplification of their respective genes. The estα21 and estβ21 genes were cloned and sequenced from OP-resistant Sri Lankan C. quinquefasciatus; the two adjacent genes are in a head to head configuration, within a single amplification unit (amplicon). The homology between the two genes suggests that they arose from an ancient duplication event. The two genes have different numbers of exons (estα21 has seven and estβ21 has four); however, the intron/exon boundaries in estβ21 are all conserved in estα21. The two genes are co-amplified in three other mosquito strains with the elevated Estα21/Estβ21 phenotype. Their complete linkage disequilibrium is explained by the location of the two genes involved in resistance within a single amplicon. In insecticide-susceptible C. quinquefasciatus, the non-amplified estα and estβ gene loci are also found in a similar head to head configuration, but the size of the intergenic non-coding region is approx. 1 kb less than in the amplicon. The smaller intergenic spacer is also found in a strain with amplified estβ11, which suggests that extensive laboratory selection for this amplified esterase has not eliminated the non-amplified genes. The intergenic spacer regions have been subcloned and sequenced. They contain numerous possible TATA boxes, promoters and a number of possible regulatory elements with high homology to the consensus sequence of the Barbie box. These latter putative regulatory elements are more numerous in the larger intergenic spacer, which differs from the non-amplified spacer by two large (> 420 bp) and one small (5 bp) insertions.

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“…Changes in esterase activity are correlated with insecticide resistance in a number of insects and the esterases which are involved in organophosphate resistance in Culex quinquefasciatus have been cloned and characterized, both in this laboratory by Alison Merryweather, and by researchers elsewhere (Mouches et al, 1986;Merryweather et al, 1990). In addition, the Ae.aegypti cytochrome P-450 genes, which are involved in more general detoxification mechanisms, have now been isolated in our laboratory by Roger Gerke Bonet (Bonet et al, 1990).…”

Section: \G2mentioning

confidence: 99%

The control of insect-borne disease through recombinant DNA technology

Eggleston

1991

Heredity

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Amplification of an Esterase Gene Is Responsible for Insecticide Resistance in a California Culex Mosquito

Cited by 327 publications

References 26 publications

Purification and characterization of a carboxylesterase involved in malathion-specific resistance from Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Purification and characterization of a carboxylesterase involved in malathion-specific resistance from Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Co-amplification explains linkage disequilibrium of two mosquito esterase genes in insecticide-resistant Culex quinquefasciatus

The control of insect-borne disease through recombinant DNA technology

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