Amplification effect of haze on human exposure to halogenated flame retardants in atmospheric particulate matter and the corresponding mechanism

Approach to Predicting the Size-Dependent Inhalation Intake of Particulate Novel Brominated Flame Retardants

“…The other NBFRs congeners, regardless of bimodal or trimodal distribution, all had a maximum concentration in the 0.56–1 μm particulate size range except DPTE, which showed a bimodal distribution with a secondary peak in this particulate size range. This size-distribution pattern is similar to that of ∑ 8 PBDE in Harbin, ∑ 5 PBDE in Guangzhou, and PAHs, alkane, hopane, and sterane in Jiujiang, China, where the same 11-stage impactor was used to collect samples but was different from that of ∑ 5 NBFR data collected in Bron, Czech Republic, where a six-stage impactor was used, and from the data collected for NBFRs during hazy days in Xinxiang, China, where a nine-stage impactor was used . ∑ 5 NBFR in Bron had the highest concentration of the finest particles (<0.49 μm), which encompassed several size ranges, in comparison to that obtained by the 11-stage impactor.…”

“…With the development of science and technology, an increasing number of chemicals are introduced into our daily lives. Some of these chemicals, such as brominated flame retardants (BFRs), can escape from their sites of application into the atmosphere, where they pose risks to human health. , For this reason, a growing number of scientists have focused on the assessment of health risks posed by these chemicals in the atmosphere. − Gaseous and particulate BFRs in the atmosphere have been reported to be able to enter the human body via different pathways with different levels of flux. − Particulate BFRs are not uniformly distributed in the atmosphere on the basis of resolved airborne particle size − and can be deposited into different parts of the human respiratory system with different levels of flux, leading to a more complicated estimation of human exposure. − …”

New equation to predict size-resolved gas-particle partitioning quotients for polybrominated diphenyl ethers

“…Gas/particle (G/P) partitioning behavior can govern the fate of SVOCs in the atmosphere, thus affecting the scope and efficiency of long-range atmospheric transport (Bidleman, 1988;Gotz et al, 2008;Lohmann et al, 2000). Meanwhile, gaseous and particulate SVOCs can enter human body with breathing and other routes, thus the G/P partition also has an important influence on human health (Cao et al, 2018b;Lao et al, 2018;Weschler et al, 2015;Zhang et al, 2017).…”

Preparation of 3‐aminopropyltriethoxy silane modified cellulose microcrystalline and their applications as flame retardant and reinforcing agents in epoxy resin

“…Halogen‐containing FR is common and regarded as high efficiency over the past several decades. However, the use of halogenated FR additives creates safety and environment issues as it produces poisonous substances . In recent years, due to the environmentally friendly advantages (including halogen free, low toxicity, and lack of corrosive gas generation), intumescent FR (IFR) has gained extensively application .…”