Amphibians and ultra high diluted thyroxine – further experiments and re-analysis of data

Endler, Peter Christian; Scherer-Pongratz, Waltraud; Harrer, Bernhard; Lingg, Gerhard; Lothaller, Harald

doi:10.1016/j.homp.2015.10.001

Cited by 19 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(34 reference statements)

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“…This finding was further scrutinized since, including histological research of an independent team, with the outcome of 9 comparable, 2 zero, and 0 opposite new results. 4,6 A study on animals from lowland biotopes and thyroxine 30Â added to the basin water had already shown not to be promising 1 in 1994 and had therefore not been pursued further.…”

Section: Part 1 (Biology)mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

“Ultra High Dilution 1994” revisited 2015 – the state of follow-up research

Endler¹,

Schulte

Stock-Schroeer

et al. 2015

Homeopathy

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Section: Part 1 (Biology)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(However, the study yielding the zero result involved a greater number of animals than those yielding comparable results). 4,6 A multicentre study on thyroxine 30Â on the climbing activity of juvenile frogs that had reported a decrease in activity, 1 although promising, 4 was not pursued further due to ethical considerations.…”

Section: Part 1 (Biology)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“Ultra High Dilution 1994” revisited 2015 – the state of follow-up research

Endler¹,

Schulte

Stock-Schroeer

et al. 2015

Homeopathy

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“…Hormetic responses to stressors by amphibians appear in some studies (Wijesinghe 2012;James and Little 2003;Perez-Coll et al 2008) but not others (Miyachi et al 2002;Urine et al 2004;Endler et al 2015). Considering the known interactions between food intake, growth, and stress/immune responses in other organisms (especially homeotherms), we asked if immunochallenge of an immature ectherm, the Green Tree Frog (Hyla cinerea), might also draw resources from growth to fuel immunity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Life history trade-offs in ectotherms impart a pseudo-hormetic response, not hormesis

McCallum

Mary

Trauth

2018

Preprint

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All organisms are faced with survival and fitness challenges. However, differences in how ectotherms and endotherms deal with these challenges causes confusion when theoretical explanations are proposed. Herein, an immunochallenged, immature ectothermic vertebrate increased growth in the face of immunochallenge, reminiscent of up-regulated physiological efficiency termed hormesis. The immunochallenged subjects increased food intake relative to control animals, a largely ignored possibility in previous studies. This likely led to an energy surplus that fueled additional growth. Although there was increased resource demand from the immune response that exceeded internal stores, the acceptably sized food items contained more resources than immunologically-driven demand required. We theorize that because ectotherms lack significant internally-stored resources compared to endotherms, they must feed to fuel increased physiological demand. This can lead to excess resource intake because the minimum acceptably sized prey contains more available resources than upregulation required. This creates a pseudohormetic hormetic response, fueled by excess food intake rather than significant improved physiological efficiency. Further, we speculate that lifespan and/or maturity may interact with resource management ectotherms, though our data are inconclusive on this matter. Ultimately, our data suggest additional growth when ectotherms face stressors is a pseudo-hormetic response stemming from increased food intake instead of upregulated physiological efficiency.

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“…Numerous attempts have been made to study the physicochemical properties and standardization of UHDs beyond Avogadro's limit. [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] However, studies on the stability aspects of homeopathic UHDs remain limited. Lenger et al reported detection of photons in highly potentized homeopathic medicines by delayed luminescence, where the stability of sucrose globules was found to be better than ethanolic solutions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Status of Expiry of Homeopathic Medicines in Brazil, Germany, India and the United States: A Critical Review

Valavan¹,

César²

2019

Homeopathy

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Background Assignment of expiry date to homeopathic medicines is a subject of important concern to its pharmacists and practitioners. This study compares the regulatory framework for the expiry of homeopathic medicines in four countries: Brazil, Germany, India and the United States. Findings Different or no expiry periods are variously followed. Whereas Germany, with some exceptions, employs a maximum expiry of 5 years for both potencies and finished products, Brazil adopts a 5-year expiry for finished products only, potencies used in manufacture being exempted from an assigned expiry date. In India, all homeopathic medicines except dilutions and back potencies have a maximum of 5 years' shelf-life, including those supplied to consumers. In the United States, homeopathic medicines are exempted from expiry dates. Comments There is neither a rational basis nor scientific evidence for assigning a short (3–5 years) expiry period for homeopathic medicines as followed in some of the countries, particularly in light of the fact that some studies have shown homeopathic medications to be effective even after 25 years. Homeopathic ultra-dilutions seem to contain non-material activity that is maintained over time and, since these exhibit different chemical properties compared to the original starting material, it is quite possible they possess properties of longer activity than conventional medicines. Regulators should acknowledge this feature and differentiate expiry of homeopathic medicinal products from that of conventional drugs.

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Amphibians and ultra high diluted thyroxine – further experiments and re-analysis of data

Abstract: Although a perfect reproducibility was not obtained, this paradoxical phenomenon was generally consistent in different observations. Correlations were found between details of laboratory handling, as well as environment temperature, and the size of the results.

Cited by 19 publications

References 27 publications

“Ultra High Dilution 1994” revisited 2015 – the state of follow-up research

“Ultra High Dilution 1994” revisited 2015 – the state of follow-up research

Life history trade-offs in ectotherms impart a pseudo-hormetic response, not hormesis

Current Status of Expiry of Homeopathic Medicines in Brazil, Germany, India and the United States: A Critical Review

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