Amphibian sympathetic ganglia: An owner's and operator's manual

Smith, Peter A.

doi:10.1016/0301-0082(94)90062-0

Cited by 45 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 375 publications

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“…Activation of these fibres in vitro produces a large, all-or-none EPSP which almost invariably exceeds threshold for AP generation (Smith, 1994). Since the majority of the APs recorded in vivo had a very sharp rising phase, it is likely that they were generated from a large EPSP that resulted from a single preganglionic fibre in the ipsilateral sympathetic chain.…”

Section: Characteristics Of B-sympathetic Pathwaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although no obvious, discrete, spontaneous slow IPSP were observed during in vivo recording from C-cells, this observation does not preclude a role for inhibitory muscarinic effects. Although slow IPSPs can be recorded in vitro in response to a single preganglionic stimulus (Smith & Weight, 1986;Smith, 1994) and the burst pattern of activity observed in C-cells might be expected to induce a large slow IPSP (Horn & Dodd, 1983b), additional experiments with the blockers of muscarinic receptors must be done to establish any functional role for the slow IPSP in vivo. Data shown in Fig.…”

Section: Characteristics Of B-sympathetic Pathwaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are two major divisions of the peripheral sympathetic nervous system of amphibians; the B-fibre system and the C-fibre system (Nishi, Soeda & Koketsu, 1965;Honma, 1970;Dodd & Horn 1983a;Smith, 1994). Peripheral targets for neurones in paravertebral sympathetic ganglia of the bullfrog (BFSG) include the bladder, mucous and granular glands, as well as blood vessels in the skin and in striated muscles.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Peptide released following stimulation of C-fibres in VIIth or VIIIth spinal nerve is thought to diffuse within the ganglion so as to produce a late-slow EPSP in B-cells (Jan et al 1979(Jan et al , 1980. Although the cellular organization and biophysical properties of B-and C-neurones in the paravertebral sympathetic ganglia of various amphibians have been extensively investigated in vitro (Nishi et al 1965;Skok, 1973;Ginsborg, 1976;Kuba & Koketsu, 1978; Adams, Jones, Pennefather, Brown, Koch & Lancaster, 1986;Smith, 1994), it is not known whether different types of peripheral target tissue receive specific patterns of activity from distinct subsets of ganglionic neurones, whether any integration of spinal sympathetic outflow occurs in A ganglionic neurones or whether ganglionic peptides and non-nicotinic slow synaptic events have any role in ganglionic transmission in vivo. These questions have been addressed in the present study by exploiting the simplicity of organization of the discrete B-and C-fibre systems in the bullfrog and by making extracellular and intracellular recordings of their in vivo activity.…”

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confidence: 99%

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In vivo activity of B‐ and C‐neurones in the paravertebral sympathetic ganglia of the bullfrog.

Ivanoff

Smith

1995

The Journal of Physiology

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1. Spontaneous, in vivo synaptic activity was recorded from 146 B‐cells and 60 C‐cells in the IXth and Xth paravertebral sympathetic ganglia of the urethane‐anaesthetized bullfrog. Sympathetic outflow to the blood vessels, which are innervated by C‐cells, is different from that received by targets in the skin, which are innervated by B‐cells. 2. B‐cells were divided into three groups: the first (61 cells) exhibited only action potentials (APs) at 0.01‐0.3 s‐1; the second (59 cells) exhibited APs and EPSPs and the third (26 cells) were silent. In addition to their usual suprathreshold input from the ipsilateral sympathetic chain, 53% of B‐cells received subthreshold input which probably arose from fibres in the contralateral chain. ‘Slow’ B‐cells exhibited less subthreshold activity and a slightly higher AP frequency than ‘fast’ B‐cells. All B‐cells are involved in a sympathetic reflex which is activated by tactile stimulation of the skin of the hindlimb. Activation of this reflex increased AP frequency without promoting long‐lasting depolarization. 3. Sixty‐seven per cent of C‐cells exhibited rhythmic bursting activity with or without small intraburst EPSPs. Bursts tended to correlate with electrocardiographic (ECG) activity. The remainder exhibited an irregular pattern of activity which was not correlated with ECG activity and which included one to three APs and EPSPs interspersed between the bursts. Activity of both types of C‐cell was inhibited following stimulation of the skin. 4. An average of twenty‐three B‐cells and twenty‐one C‐cells discharge simultaneously in vivo. This reflects branching of preganglionic fibres and results in synchrony of discharge in both postganglionic B‐ and C‐fibres.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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Section: Characteristics Of B-sympathetic Pathwaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Characteristics Of B-sympathetic Pathwaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

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In vivo activity of B‐ and C‐neurones in the paravertebral sympathetic ganglia of the bullfrog.

Ivanoff

Smith

1995

The Journal of Physiology

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“…Amphibian sympathetic ganglia contain both vasomotor C-neurons and B-neurons that project to mucous glands in the skin (Smith 1994). The present immunoblot experiments were done on cultures containing both neuron types, whereas the electophysiological experiments were confined to B cells.…”

Section: Role Of Ras-mapk In the Lhrh-induced Increase In I Camentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential Neurotrophic Regulation of Sodium and Calcium Channels in an Adult Sympathetic Neuron

Ford

Wong

et al. 2008

Journal of Neurophysiology

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Ford CP, Wong KV, Lu VB, Posse de Chaves E, Smith PA. Differential neurotrophic regulation of sodium and calcium channels in an adult sympathetic neuron. J Neurophysiol 99: 1319 -1332, 2008. First published January 23, 2008 doi:10.1152/jn.00966.2007. Adult neuronal phenotype is maintained, at least in part, by the sensitivity of individual neurons to a specific selection of neurotrophic factors and the availability of such factors in the neurons' environment. Nerve growth factor (NGF) increases the functional expression of Na ϩ channel currents (I Na ) and both N-and L-type Ca 2ϩ currents (I Ca,N and I Ca,L ) in adult bullfrog sympathetic ganglion (BFSG) B-neurons. The effects of NGF on I Ca involve the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Prolonged exposure to the ganglionic neurotransmitter luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) also increases I Ca,N but the transduction mechanism remains to be elucidated as does the transduction mechanism for NGF regulation of Na ϩ channels. We therefore exposed cultured BFSG B-neurons to chicken II LHRH (0.45 M; 6 -9 days) or to NGF (200 ng/ml; 9 -10 days) and used whole cell recording, immunoblot analysis, and ras or rap-1 pulldown assays to study effects of various inhibitors and activators of transduction pathways. We found that 1) LHRH signals via ras-MAPK to increase I Ca,N , 2) this effect is mediated via protein kinase C-␤ (PKC-␤-⌱⌱), 3) protein kinase A (PKA) is necessary but not sufficient to effect transduction, 4) NGF signals via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) to increase I Na , and 5) long-term exposure to LHRH fails to affect I Na . Thus downstream signaling from LHRH has access to the ras-MAPK pathway but not to the PI3K pathway. This allows for differential retrograde and anterograde neurotrophic regulation of sodium and calcium channels in an adult sympathetic neuron.

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Localization of NADPH diaphorase/nitric oxide synthase and choline acetyltransferase in the spinal cord of the frog,Rana perezi

2000

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The localization of nitrergic cells and fibers and cholinergic cells has been analyzed in the spinal cord of the anuran amphibian Rana perezi. Histochemistry for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate–diaphorase and nitric oxide synthase immunohistochemistry revealed a concurrent pattern of labeled structures. A large population of nitrergic spinal neurons was found from the level of the obex to the filum terminale. They are abundant in the dorsal horn and intermediate gray matter, but also occur in territories of the ventral horn and, only occasionally, in somatic motoneurons. Numerous nitrergic fibers were present in the spinal white matter, particularly in the dorsal and dorsolateral funiculi. A special arrangement of nitrergic axons is present in Lissauer's tract, where a collateral system is formed. Cholinergic cells, revealed by choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry, were observed throughout the spinal cord. The somatic motoneurons were the most conspicuously immunoreactive cells. A large population of cholinergic cells forms a discontinuous column in the intermediate gray, from the third spinal segment to lumbar segments. These cells were organized in a medially located or intercalated cell group, and a laterally located intermediolateral group. Numerous scattered cholinergic cells were present in the central zone of the ventral horn and were absent in the dorsal horn. Double‐labeling experiments revealed a high degree of codistribution of nitrergic and cholinergic cells, mainly in the intermediate gray, but colocalization of both markers in the same neurons was not found. This result contrasts with the situation found in mammals and raises the question of whether coexpression of both substances was acquired in spinal cord neurons through evolution only in amniotes or, even, only in mammals. J. Comp. Neurol. 419:451–470, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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Amphibian sympathetic ganglia: An owner's and operator's manual

Cited by 45 publications

References 375 publications

In vivo activity of B‐ and C‐neurones in the paravertebral sympathetic ganglia of the bullfrog.

In vivo activity of B‐ and C‐neurones in the paravertebral sympathetic ganglia of the bullfrog.

Differential Neurotrophic Regulation of Sodium and Calcium Channels in an Adult Sympathetic Neuron

Localization of NADPH diaphorase/nitric oxide synthase and choline acetyltransferase in the spinal cord of the frog,Rana perezi

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