Amphibian Emergency Medicine and Care

Hadfield, Catherine A.; Whitaker, Brent R.

doi:10.1053/j.saep.2005.04.003

Cited by 44 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Chlorhexidine, sodium hypochlorite (bleach) and potassium compounds are the most common disinfectants used by field biologists and zoological facilities (Hadfield & Whitaker 2005), but none of the 3 has been tested for its efficacy at inactivating Ranavirus. A 1.0% concentration of bleach is used to clean non-porous surfaces and is considered a safe concentration for use with amphibians (Hadfield & Whitaker 2005). Current guidelines recommend bleach dilutions of up to 5.0% for disinfecting clothing, field equipment and containers (e.g.…”

Section: Resale or Republication Not Permitted Without Written Consenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A 2.0% dilution of Nolvasan ® (Fort Dodge Animal Health) with a 10 min contact time is recommended for disinfecting inanimate objects per label instructions. Chlorhexidine is generally considered safe for use on amphibians at low concentrations (0.75%) for short durations (Hadfield & Whitaker 2005). Chlorhexidine is effective at inactivating enveloped viruses (Bailey & Longson 1972, Scott 1980), but it is not effective against non-enveloped viruses (Bailey & Longson 1972, Scott 1980, Royer et al 2001.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Efficacy is determined by quantifying the number of virions present in a sample after one application of the disinfectant, with an effective agent producing at least a 3 log 10 (99.9% inactivated) reduction in titer (Scott 1980, Environmental Protection Agency 2008. Chlorhexidine, sodium hypochlorite (bleach) and potassium compounds are the most common disinfectants used by field biologists and zoological facilities (Hadfield & Whitaker 2005), but none of the 3 has been tested for its efficacy at inactivating Ranavirus. A 1.0% concentration of bleach is used to clean non-porous surfaces and is considered a safe concentration for use with amphibians (Hadfield & Whitaker 2005).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Efficacy of select disinfectants at inactivating Ranavirus

Bryan¹,

Baldwin²,

Gray³

et al. 2009

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Ranavirus can cause disease in reptiles and amphibians. Because survival time outside of a host remains uncertain, equipment must be disinfected to prevent transmission of ranaviruses. However, disinfectant efficacy against amphibian ranaviruses has not been investigated for chlorhexidine (Nolvasan ® ), sodium hypochlorite (bleach), or potassium compounds. Our goal was to determine the efficacy of Nolvasan ® (0.25, 0.75 and 2.0%), bleach (0.2, 1.0, 3.0 and 5.0%), and Virkon S ® (1.0%) at inactivating Ranavirus at 1 and 5 min contact durations. Potassium permanganate (KMnO 4 ) (2.0 and 5.0 ppm) was also tested with a 60 min contact time. Nolvasan ® at 0.75 and 2.0% and bleach at 3.0 and 5.0% concentration were effective for both contact durations. Virkon S ® was effective for both durations, but KMnO 4 was not effective at either concentration. Concentrations of Nolvasan ® , bleach and Virkon S ® that are at least 0.75, 3.0 and 1.0%, respectively, are effective at inactivating Ranavirus after 1 min exposure time.KEY WORDS: Ranavirus · Amphibians · Disinfection · Chlorhexidine · Pathogen pollution · Potassium peroxymonosulfate · Potassium permanganate · Sodium hypochlorite Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 84: [89][90][91][92][93][94] 2009 commercial activities , Picco et al. 2007, Storfer et al. 2007).Researchers and tourists may also spread ranaviruses by traveling between contaminated and uncontaminated areas. Overland transport of ranaviruses to new areas could occur via contaminated surfaces, such as hands, nets, shoes or other field equipment (Converse & Green 2005). Fomite transmission has been linked to Ranavirus outbreaks in other aquatic species, including epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus (EHNV) in redfin perch Perca fluviatilis (Langdon 1989). Langdon (1989) found that viral particles (virions) of EHNV remained infective for over 113 but less than 200 d on dry surfaces, and for at least 97 d in water. Because survival time of anuran ranaviruses remains uncertain outside the host, amphibian biologists, ranaculturalists and zoo personnel thoroughly disinfect equipment to prevent possible spread of Ranavirus to naïve populations (Fish and Wildlife Service 2008).Disinfectants must be safe for use with amphibians and must inactivate a significant proportion of Ranavirus to be deemed effective. Efficacy is determined by quantifying the number of virions present in a sample after one application of the disinfectant, with an effective agent producing at least a 3 log 10 (99.9% inactivated) reduction in titer (Scott 1980, Environmental Protection Agency 2008. Chlorhexidine, sodium hypochlorite (bleach) and potassium compounds are the most common disinfectants used by field biologists and zoological facilities (Hadfield & Whitaker 2005), but none of the 3 has been tested for its efficacy at inactivating Ranavirus. A 1.0% concentration of bleach is used to clean non-porous surfaces and is considered a safe concentration for use with amph...

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Section: Resale or Republication Not Permitted Without Written Consenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Efficacy of select disinfectants at inactivating Ranavirus

Bryan¹,

Baldwin²,

Gray³

et al. 2009

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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“…Successful trials have been documented in peer-reviewed journals. These reports include treatment with elevated temperature (Woodhams et al 2003, Chatfield & Richards-Zawacki 2011, Geiger et al 2011, treatment with salt (White 2006), and also treatments with different antifungals (Hadfield & Whitaker 2005, Garner et al 2009a, Bowerman et al 2010, Martel et al 2011. Unfortunately, information about unsuccessful trials is scarce (Berger et al 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment of amphibians infected with chytrid fungus: learning from failed trials with itraconazole, antimicrobial peptides, bacteria, and heat therapy

Woodhams

Geiger²,

Reinert³

et al. 2012

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Amphibian conservation goals depend on effective disease-treatment protocols. Desirable protocols are species, life stage, and context specific, but currently few treatment options exist for amphibians infected with the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Treatment options, at present, include antifungal drugs and heat therapy, but risks of toxicity and sideeffects make these options untenable in some cases. Here, we report on the comparison of several novel treatments with a more generally accepted antifungal treatment in experimental scientific trials to treat Bd-infected frogs including Alytes obstetricans tadpoles and metamorphs, Bufo bufo and Limnodynastes peronii metamorphs, and Lithobates pipiens and Rana muscosa adults. The experimental treatments included commercial antifungal products (itraconazole, mandipropamid, steriplantN, and PIP Pond Plus), antimicrobial skin peptides from the Bd-resistant Pelophylax esculentus, microbial treatments (Pedobacter cryoconitis), and heat therapy (35°C for 24 h). None of the new experimental treatments were considered successful in terms of improving survival; however, these results may advance future research by indicating the limits and potential of the various protocols. Caution in the use of itraconazole is warranted because of observed toxicity in metamorphic and adult frogs, even at low concentrations. Results suggest that rather than focusing on a single cure-all, diverse lines of research may provide multiple options for treating Bd infection in amphibians. Learning from 'failed treatments' is essential for the timely achievement of conservation goals and one of the primary aims for a publicly accessible treatment database under development.

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“…Because the small size of vessels can make collection of blood difficult, cardicentesis usually is used to sample smaller species. However this technique requires anaes thesia to reduce the risks of cardiac lacerations and has been associated with cardiac arrest (Hadfield and Whiticker 2005). Blood samples also can be taken when toes are clipped (Wright and Whitaker 2001); however, this method is invasive.…”

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confidence: 99%

A field method for sampling blood of male anurans with hypertrophied limbs

2011

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Blood analysis is an essential tool in evaluating the health of amphibians; examination and analysis of blood cells provide important information on blood-parasite levels (Desser 2001), the status of different organ systems, and insights on the status of the immune system (Marnila et al. 1995). Blood samples can also be analyzed for genetic, toxicological, and stable isotopes and for disease in general or for the presence of specific infectious diseases (Bulté et al. 2006). Challenges of amphibian venipuncture include the small sizes of specimens with few available venipuncture sites (Heatley and Johnson 2009). Non-invasive or minimally invasive sampling methods are preferable when working with endangered or declining amphibian species (Pidancier et al. 2003). Blood samples are usually obtained from the lingual venous plexus (Baranowski-Smith and Smith 1983), midline abdominal vein (Wright and Whitaker 2001), femoral vein (Hadfield and Whiticker 2005

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Amphibian Emergency Medicine and Care

Cited by 44 publications

References 17 publications

Efficacy of select disinfectants at inactivating Ranavirus

Efficacy of select disinfectants at inactivating Ranavirus

Treatment of amphibians infected with chytrid fungus: learning from failed trials with itraconazole, antimicrobial peptides, bacteria, and heat therapy

A field method for sampling blood of male anurans with hypertrophied limbs

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