Amphibian chytridiomycosis: strategies for captive management and conservation

Young, Sam; Berger, Lee; Speare, Rick

doi:10.1111/j.1748-1090.2007.00010.x

Cited by 38 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…En nuestros hallazgos verificamos que la presencia del Bd es alrededor del 37% en anfibios comerciados en los mercados de mascotas Nuevo San Lázaro y Emilio Carranza de la Ciudad de México, siendo que más del 90% de las especies provienen de vida libre. Esto puede ser un alto riesgo, ya que la introducción accidental o deliberada de anfibios al medio natural (Daszak et al, 2001;Daszak et al, 2003;Luja y Rodríguez-Estrella, 2010) puede promover la persistencia y diseminación del patógeno (Weldon et al, 2004;Young et al, 2007). La mayor parte de las especies evaluadas se comercializan como mascotas no convencionales (p. e. Agalychnis dacnicolor Cope 1864); A. mexicanum y R. marina han sido comerciados desde hace mucho tiempo como medicina tradicional (Ruíz-Boites, 2008); ambas especies las encontramos en ambos mercados, pero solo R. marina presentó Bd.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…Esto permitirá tener una respuesta rápida a nuevos brotes, así como la restricción del tráfico de anfibios y la aplicación de marcos de higiene y protocolos de cuarentena (Johnson y Speare, 2003;Young et al, 2007). Durante la cuarentena, los individuos deben ser examinados periódicamente para detectar la presencia del quítrido, y todos los animales muertos deben ser evaluados mediante necropsias (Daszak et al, 2001) junto con el diagnóstico por microscopia óptica y ensayos moleculares, ya que muchos individuos infectados pueden parecer clínicamente sanos sin lesiones aparentes (Young et al, 2007). Además, se debe hacer una desinfección de instalaciones, equipo y descontaminación del agua residual (Johnson y Speare, 2003) para evitar la dispersión del quítrido por el drenaje público y disminuir el riesgo de contaminación en ambientes naturales.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…En nuestras observaciones de campo no encontramos ningún anfibio con signos de enfermedad, ni muertes masivas que sugiriera la presencia del quítrido como se han reportado en otros trabajos (Daszak et al, 1999;Daszak et al, 2000). No obstante, aunque pueden existir individuos infectados que parecen clínicamente sanos (Young et al, 2007), encontramos que el 30,8% de los anfibios silvestres provenientes de los estados de donde se extraen para fines comerciales son positivos al Bd, considerándose una prevalencia alta (Guayasamin et al, 2014). Es así que debe regularse la captura de anfibios de vida silvestre para fines comerciales , ya sea para el mercado de mascotas o para medicina tradicional, debido al alto potencial de transmisión de la enfermedad (Schloegel y Daszak, 2004;Ehrenfeld, 2005;Picco y Collins, 2008;Schloegel et al, 2012) y la gravedad en la declinación poblacional de especies nativas (Daszak et al, 1999;Daszak et al, 2003).…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

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Amphibian trade and the presence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in free-ranging: dispersion in vicious circle?

Hernandez-Jauregui¹,

Bravo²,

Olivares³

2017

Neotropical Biology and Conservation

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This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0), which permits reproduction, adaptation, and distribution provided the original author and source are credited. ResumenEl comercio de anfibios tiene un papel importante en la persistencia del Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), ya que al menos 28 especies pueden servir como vectores. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron evaluar la presencia de Bd en anfibios comercializados en dos mercados de mascotas en la Ciudad de México; además verificamos su presencia en poblaciones silvestres de las especies comerciadas. Se encontró que el 92% de los anfibios comercializados fueron capturados de vida libre, y el 37.3% estuvieron infectados con Bd de acuerdo con análisis histológicos. La prevalencia de 30.8% de Bd en anfibios silvestres fue detectada por amplificación de ADN. No hubo diferencias significativas entre las prevalencias de los anfibios silvestres y de comercio, pero la tendencia es mayor para los anfibios de comercio. La importancia de los planes de conservación de anfibios a nivel mundial ha crecido en los últimos años. El mercado de mascotas y la captura de individuos de vida libre hacen que las rutas de comercio y el manejo de individuos para estos fines sea una forma de dispersión de patógenos y un gran riesgo de brotes de las enfermedades.Palabras claves: Quitridiomicosis, mercado de mascotas, microscopia óptica, PCR anidado. AbstractThe amphibian trade has an important role in Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) persistence, for at least 28 amphibian species can serve as vectors. The objectives of this work are to evaluate the presence and prevalence of Bd in amphibian traded in two petshops in Mexico City, as well as to verify their presence in wild amphibian populations of species traded. It was found that 92% of amphibians sold in the two petshops were captured free-living, and 37.3% of these animals were infected with Bd, according to histological analysis. The prevalence of 30.8% of Bd in wild amphibians at the wild capture sites was detected by means of DNA amplification. No significant differences were found between prevalence of wild and trade amphibians, but the trend was higher for trade amphibians. The importance of amphibian management and conservation plans has been growing in the last years. The pet trade and its capture from the wild turn these trade routes and their captive management into means of pathogenic dispersion, which may increase the risk of disease outbreaks.Keywords: Chytridiomycosis, pet trade, optical microscopy, nested PCR.El comercio de anfibios y la presencia de Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis en vida libre: ¿dispersión en círculo vicioso?Amphibian trade and the presence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in free-ranging: dispersion in vicious circle?

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Section: Discussionunclassified

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Amphibian trade and the presence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in free-ranging: dispersion in vicious circle?

Hernandez-Jauregui¹,

Bravo²,

Olivares³

2017

Neotropical Biology and Conservation

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“…These colonies are an important component of conservation efforts, especially if individuals can be re-introduced into the wild. A barrier to re-introduction is that invariably one or more amphibian species in their natural habitats are resistant to Bd and serve as reservoirs (Mendelson et al, 2006;Young et al, 2007). Treatment of susceptible amphibian species with antifungal skin bacteria may allow reintroduced individuals to coexist with Bd in native habitats.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skin microbes on frogs prevent morbidity and mortality caused by a lethal skin fungus

Harris

Brucker

Walke

et al. 2009

ISME J

454

514

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Emerging infectious diseases threaten human and wildlife populations. Altered ecological interactions between mutualistic microbes and hosts can result in disease, but an understanding of interactions between host, microbes and disease-causing organisms may lead to management strategies to affect disease outcomes. Many amphibian species in relatively pristine habitats are experiencing dramatic population declines and extinctions due to the skin disease chytridiomycosis, which is caused by the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Using a randomized, replicated experiment, we show that adding an antifungal bacterial species, Janthinobacterium lividum, found on several species of amphibians to the skins of the frog Rana muscosa prevented morbidity and mortality caused by the pathogen. The bacterial species produces the anti-chytrid metabolite violacein, which was found in much higher concentrations on frog skins in the treatments where J. lividum was added. Our results show that cutaneous microbes are a part of amphibians' innate immune system, the microbial community structure on frog skins is a determinant of disease outcome and altering microbial interactions on frog skins can prevent a lethal disease outcome. A bioaugmentation strategy may be an effective management tool to control chytridiomycosis in amphibian survival assurance colonies and in nature.

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“…Because chytridiomycosis can lead to high mortality of amphibians both in captivity and in the field, there is a great need for methods that can be used to treat amphibians both against chytridiomycosis and Bd infection (Young, Berger and Speare, 2007;Pessier, (Nichols and Lamiranda, 2001;Parker et al, 2002;Garner et al, 2009;Tobler and Schmidt, 2010), but there are concerns that these drugs may have unwanted side effects (Nichols and Lamiranda, 2001;Woodhams, Alford and Marantelli, 2003;Garner et al, 2009 Young et al (2007) report that no treatment using antifungal drugs is consistently effective across species. Hence, a treatment against Bd that has no such side effects would be of great benefit.…”

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confidence: 99%

Elevated temperature clears chytrid fungus infections from tadpoles of the midwife toad, Alytes obstetricans

et al. 2011

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The amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) is sensitive to high temperature. Hence, exposing amphibians to high temperature may be a method to clear Bd infection. However, the effect of exposure to elevated temperature has never been tested in larval stages or temperate species.We experimentally exposed tadpoles of the toad Alytes obstetricans to low, medium and high temperatures and found that most, but not all, tadpoles lost the infection when exposed to temperatures higher than 26•C for 5 days. Thus, exposure to elevated temperatures can be used to treat tadpoles against Bd infection. Abstract. The amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) is sensitive to high temperature. Hence, exposing amphibians to high temperature may be a method to clear Bd infection. However, the effect of exposure to elevated temperature has never been tested in larval stages or temperate species. We experimentally exposed tadpoles of the toad Alytes obstetricans to low, medium and high temperatures and found that most, but not all, tadpoles lost the infection when exposed to temperatures higher than 26 • C for 5 days. Thus, exposure to elevated temperatures can be used to treat tadpoles against Bd infection.

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Amphibian chytridiomycosis: strategies for captive management and conservation

Cited by 38 publications

References 35 publications

Amphibian trade and the presence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in free-ranging: dispersion in vicious circle?

Amphibian trade and the presence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in free-ranging: dispersion in vicious circle?

Skin microbes on frogs prevent morbidity and mortality caused by a lethal skin fungus

Elevated temperature clears chytrid fungus infections from tadpoles of the midwife toad, Alytes obstetricans

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