Amphibian Anesthesia

Sladakovic, Izidora; Divers, Stephen J.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-48253-0.00052-0

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Desert toads however have not shown statistically significant changes from baseline 14 and nor have African clawed frogs ( Xenopus leavis ) in two studies. 6,17 In contrast, Zullian et al 21 found an increase in heart rate in Mexican axolotls ( Ambystoma mexicanum ) anaesthetised with MS 222. This suggests variable species-specific responses to MS-222.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…13 In contrast, cane toads ( Rhinella marina ) had a mean time to induction of 40 minutes at a dose of 3 g/L whilst Argentine horned frogs ( Ceratophrys ornata ) have ranges from a few to approximately 30 minutes. 6 No previous study was identified describing the loss of righting reflex in fire salamanders, therefore this approach using 3 g/L resulting in a loss in 13.7 ± 2.25 minutes is the first recorded. This author hypothesises that the range obtained in this study (8–20 minutes) may be due to differences in mass between individuals (15–30 grams).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In one study African clawed frog’s oxygen saturation changed significantly 27 suggesting pulse oximetry may be used to assess response to MS-222 and the development of hypoxia, whilst another showed no change in saturation despite marked respiratory depression, including apnea. 6 This presents a difficulty in using pulse oximetry reliably but in combination with monitoring HR it may be of benefit to include in anaesthetic protocols for amphibians. Performing blood gas analyses, that could also validate the pulse oximetry readings, was not possible due to the amount of blood required in relation to the size of the animals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5 Due to the cessation of ventilation, heart rate (HR) is the most useful variable that can be easily monitored. 6…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…13 It is a water-soluble benzocaine derivative which blocks sodium channels. 6 When used for immersion, it depresses the central nervous system, producing anaesthesia. It is formulated as a white powder and the preparation is crucial for effective use as it forms an acidic solution when made, resulting in long recovery times and irritation to amphibian skin.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Protocol for Prolonged Surgical Anaesthesia with Recovery in Fire Salamanders Using Tricaine Mesylate (MS-222): A Case Series

Stathopoulou

Light

Lamas³

et al. 2022

Lab Anim

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The objective of this study was to describe prolonged surgical anaesthesia and recovery in fire salamanders ( Salamandra salamandra) using tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222). A total of 14 salamanders were anaesthetised for electromyography wire implantation. Sodium bicarbonate buffered solutions (0.5–4 g l–1) of MS-222 were prepared (adjusted to pH 7.0). Anaesthesia was induced by partial immersion in pre-oxygenated 3 g l–1 solution for 20 min. Buprenorphine (0.5 mg kg–1) was administered subcutaneously. During microsurgery, heart rate (HR), solution pH and temperature were recorded. Reflectance pulse oximeter (SpO2) (Masimo Rad-57) was recorded in two salamanders. Anaesthetic plane and MS-222 pH stability (pH 7.6) were maintained by renewing administration of oxygenated MS-222 solution (0.5–3 g l–1) onto swabs that partially covered the body. Recovery started at the end of surgery (MS-222 0 g l–1). Postoperatively, salamanders were given oral meloxicam (0.2 mg kg–1). Mean time for loss of righting reflex during induction was 13.7 ± 2.2 min. Duration of anaesthesia and time to recovery were 111 ± 24.2 and 31 ± 10.3 min, respectively. Due to complications, two salamanders did not recover. Baseline HR was 67.4 ± 34.5 beats/min, and it decreased significantly until recovery ( p ≤ 0.0001). In two salamanders, baseline SpO2 was 85.5% ± 14.5, SpO2 during surgery was 61% ± 6.4, improving to 80.5% ± 2.1 on recovery. In conclusion, prolonged recovery anaesthesia is achievable with MS-222 dilutions in salamander. Reflectance SpO2 could prove valuable during immersion anaesthesia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5 Due to the cessation of ventilation, heart rate (HR) is the most useful variable that can be easily monitored. 6…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

A Protocol for Prolonged Surgical Anaesthesia with Recovery in Fire Salamanders Using Tricaine Mesylate (MS-222): A Case Series

Stathopoulou

Light

Lamas³

et al. 2022

Lab Anim

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Euthanasia of Geriatric Zoo Animals: Decision-Making and Procedure

Chapman,

Chatterton

2023

Optimal Wellbeing of Ageing Wild Animals in Human Care

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Surgically Treated Hind-Limb Fibromyxochondroma in a Cranwell’s Horned Frog (Ceratophrys cranwelli)

Serpieri,

Bonaffini,

Ottino

et al. 2024

Pets

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Ceratophrys cranwelli, commonly known as the Cranwell’s horned frog or Pacman frog, is an amphibian species native to South America. This species has gained interest both as a pet among hobbyists and as a subject of scientific inquiry in veterinary medicine. A two-year-old pet male albino Ceratophrys cranwelli was presented exhibiting lethargy, weight loss, and anorexia, persisting for two months. Clinical examination revealed a fracture localized to the proximal third of the left femur accompanied by an osteolytic process. The patient was discharged with a treatment regimen for suspected secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism and an ulcerative skin lesion. Nevertheless, due to the progressive deterioration of the left thigh, amputation of the affected limb was proposed and performed at the coxofemoral joint. Histopathological analysis of the excised mass revealed an atypical mesenchymal mass consistent with a fibromyxochondroma. The surgical procedure was conducted under anesthesia induced by a combination of alfaxalone, ketamine, medetomidine, and butorphanol, with postoperative treatment consisting of enrofloxacin, meloxicam, and butorphanol. The patient showed good post-surgical recovery, exhibiting normal physiological and behavioral activities. This report highlights the management and the diagnostic challenges of a progressive limb lesion in a Ceratophrys cranwelli, offering insights into potential therapeutic approaches for similar cases in amphibians.

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Amphibian Anesthesia

Cited by 4 publications

References 18 publications

A Protocol for Prolonged Surgical Anaesthesia with Recovery in Fire Salamanders Using Tricaine Mesylate (MS-222): A Case Series

A Protocol for Prolonged Surgical Anaesthesia with Recovery in Fire Salamanders Using Tricaine Mesylate (MS-222): A Case Series

Euthanasia of Geriatric Zoo Animals: Decision-Making and Procedure

Surgically Treated Hind-Limb Fibromyxochondroma in a Cranwell’s Horned Frog (Ceratophrys cranwelli)

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