Amphetamine profiling in the UK

King, Leslie A.; Clarke, Kathrine; Orpet, A.J.

doi:10.1016/0379-0738(94)90050-7

Cited by 32 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Many papers have been published on the profiling of amphetamine [3,4,5,6,7,8,9], methamphetamine [10,11,12,13,14,15], cocaine [16,17,18] and heroin [19,20,21,22]. For MDMA, some workers have reported impurities or by-products [23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31], and techniques like Raman spectroscopy [32] or isotope ratio mass spectrometry [33] have been used to link seized tablets.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Impurity profiling of seized MDMA tablets by capillary gas chromatography

Palhol¹,

Boyer²,

Naulet³

et al. 2002

Anal Bioanal Chem

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Impurity profiles of 3,4-methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA) tablets seized in France have been examined. The samples were extracted with methylene chloride under basic conditions and then analyzed by capillary gas chromatography. Almost 30 compounds were identified as precursors, intermediates and by-products. Palmitic and stearic acid were also found as tableting materials. The comparison of the different profiles obtained by the reported procedure provided very useful information about the synthetic processes used by clandestine laboratories and enabled a classification into several groups of profiles. According to these results, the reductive amination route appears to be the most common synthetic pathway in Western Europe. Furthermore, 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-2-propanone seems to be the most used precursor in clandestine laboratories.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Impurity profiling of seized MDMA tablets by capillary gas chromatography

Palhol¹,

Boyer²,

Naulet³

et al. 2002

Anal Bioanal Chem

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“…Traditionally, impurity profiling of seized amphetamine has been accomplished by capillary gas chromatography (GC) [5][6][7][8][9], but also the use of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been reported [ 10,11 ]. Prior to the GC or HPLC analysis, seizures have been dissolved in an aqueous buffer and subsequently subj ected to liquid-liquid extraction [6][7][8][9][10] or occasionally to solid-phase extraction [ 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solid-phase microextraction/capillary gas chromatography for the profiling of confiscated ecstacy and amphetamine

et al. 1999

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SummaryImpurity profiling ofecstacy and amphetamine seizures was accomplished by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) combined with capillary gas chromatography (GC). Samples were dissolved in 0.1 M aqueous acetate buffer (pH 5.0) as the only manual operation and subsequently subjected to SPME-GC. Ecstacy tablets were analyzed by head-space SPME to avoid contamination of SPME fibers with insoluble tablet components, while illicit amphetamine powders were exposed to immersed SPME. A SPME fiber of polydimethylsiloxane-divinylbenzene was found to provide excellent extraction of both polar and non-polar impurities. For both illicit ecstacy and amphetamine, complex impurity profiles were obtained by SPME providing a high information content. For ecstacy, profiles (relative peak areas) were repeatable within 2.2 to 12.6% RSD (n = 6), while similar data on amphetamine varied between 2.0 and 10.9 % RSD (n = 6). No carry-over was observed although each fiber was used for 50 to 100 extractions.

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“…Gas chromatography (GC) with flame ionisation detection (GC-FID) is the analytical method that is most frequently employed for amphetamine profiling [4][5][6][7][8][9][10], although high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has also been reported in that context [11]. In most GC procedures, liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) is performed to transfer the impurities to an organic solvent, which is subsequently injected into the GC instrument.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In most GC procedures, liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) is performed to transfer the impurities to an organic solvent, which is subsequently injected into the GC instrument. The recorded impurity profile is then visually or mathematically compared with other chromatograms to establish links between samples [4,5,7,8,10,[12][13][14][15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%