&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;13&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;C labelling study of constitutive and stress-induced terpenoide
missions from Norway spruce and Scots pine

Wu, Cheng; Pullinen, Iida; Andres, S.; Kiendler‐Scharr, Astrid; Kleist, E.; Wahner, Andreas; Wildt, Jürgen; Mentel, T. F.

doi:10.5194/bg-2017-260

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Coupled with the chemical changes that were observed in the needles following bark stripping on the same population, for example the reduction of glucose and fructose at T7 and T14 [ 50 ], this observation suggests that some chemical stress responses, possibly those involving sugars, may not involve on-site gene expression changes and may result from passive reallocation of chemistry within the plant. For other compounds like terpenes, it has been indicated that passive changes normally occur only in the constitutive environment and that stress-induced changes in terpenes are entirely of a de novo nature [ 101 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the transcriptome of the needles and bark of Pinus radiata induced by bark stripping and methyl jasmonate

et al. 2022

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Background Plants are attacked by diverse insect and mammalian herbivores and respond with different physical and chemical defences. Transcriptional changes underlie these phenotypic changes. Simulated herbivory has been used to study the transcriptional and other early regulation events of these plant responses. In this study, constitutive and induced transcriptional responses to artificial bark stripping are compared in the needles and the bark of Pinus radiata to the responses from application of the plant stressor, methyl jasmonate. The time progression of the responses was assessed over a 4-week period. Results Of the 6312 unique transcripts studied, 86.6% were differentially expressed between the needles and the bark prior to treatment. The most abundant constitutive transcripts were related to defence and photosynthesis and their expression did not differ between the needles and the bark. While no differential expression of transcripts were detected in the needles following bark stripping, in the bark this treatment caused an up-regulation and down-regulation of genes associated with primary and secondary metabolism. Methyl jasmonate treatment caused differential expression of transcripts in both the bark and the needles, with individual genes related to primary metabolism more responsive than those associated with secondary metabolism. The up-regulation of genes related to sugar break-down and the repression of genes related with photosynthesis, following both treatments was consistent with the strong down-regulation of sugars that has been observed in the same population. Relative to the control, the treatments caused a differential expression of genes involved in signalling, photosynthesis, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism as well as defence and water stress. However, non-overlapping transcripts were detected between the needles and the bark, between treatments and at different times of assessment. Methyl jasmonate induced more transcriptional responses in the bark than bark stripping, although the peak of expression following both treatments was detected 7 days post treatment application. The effects of bark stripping were localised, and no systemic changes were detected in the needles. Conclusion There are constitutive and induced differences in the needle and bark transcriptome of Pinus radiata. Some expression responses to bark stripping may differ from other biotic and abiotic stresses, which contributes to the understanding of plant molecular responses to diverse stresses. Whether the gene expression changes are heritable and how they differ between resistant and susceptible families identified in earlier studies needs further investigation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the transcriptome of the needles and bark of Pinus radiata induced by bark stripping and methyl jasmonate

et al. 2022

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“…A total of 26 secondary metabolites belonging to phenols, terpenoids, alkaloids, and other categories significantly decreased under LK stress, including 12 terpenoids ( Figure 6 ). Terpenoids derived from carbon metabolism are volatile ( Wu et al, 2017 ), and their significant down-regulation under LK stress reduces the loss of carbon source metabolites to maintain basic growth needs. Among them, desglucocoroloside, which is polycyclic triterpenoid, is not only an antioxidant ( Bosak et al, 2008 ) but also a membrane stabilizer ( Wishart et al, 2017 ), and its significant downregulation ( Table 5 ) may reflect a weaker antioxidant capacity under LK stress compared to controls.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolite Profile of Xylem Sap in Cotton Seedlings Is Changed by K Deficiency

et al. 2020

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Xylem sap, belonging to the plant apoplast, not only provides plant tissues with inorganic and organic substances but also facilitates communication between the roots and the leaves and coordinates their development. This study investigated the effects of potassium (K) deficiency on the morphology and the physiology of cotton seedlings as well as pH, mineral nutrient contents, and metabolites of xylem sap. In particular, we compared changes in root–shoot communication under low K (LK) and normal K (NK, control) levels. Compared to control, LK stress significantly decreased seedling biomass (leaf, stem, and root dry weight; stem and root length; root surface area and root volume) and the levels of K, Na (sodium), Mg (magnesium), Fe (iron), and Zn (zinc) in xylem sap. A total of 82 metabolites in sap analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS) showed significant differences between the two conditions; among these, 38 were up-regulated more than 2-fold, while the others were down-regulated less than 0.5-fold. In particular, several metabolites found in the cell membrane including three cholines (glycerophosphatecholine, 2-hexenylcholine, and caproylcholine) and desglucocoroloside and others such as malondialdehyde, α-amino acids and derivatives, sucrose, and sugar alcohol significantly increased under LK stress, indicating that cell membranes were damaged and protein metabolism was abnormal. It is worth noting that glycerophosphocholine was up-regulated 29-fold under LK stress, indicating that it can be used as an important signal of root–shoot communication. Furthermore, in pathway analyses, 26 metabolites were matched to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways; L-aspartic acid, which was associated with 10 KEGG pathways, was the most involved metabolite. Overall, K deficiency reduced the antioxidant capacity of cotton seedlings and led to a metabolic disorder including elevated levels of primary metabolites and inhibited production of secondary metabolites. This eventually resulted in decreased biomass of cotton seedlings under LK stress. This study lays a solid foundation for further research on targeted metabolites and signal substances in the xylem sap of cotton plants exposed to K deficiency.

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“…The use of 13 C stable isotope techniques and laboratory studies under controlled conditions, allows for comprehensive investigations of terpenoid carbon sources to link biosynthesis and emission (Ghirardo, Gutknecht, Zimmer, Brüggemann, & Schnitzler, 2011;Ghirardo et al, 2010Ghirardo et al, , 2014. Field studies alone, in the form of correlation analysis of VOC emissions and temperature, are not sufficient to decipher the de novo synthesis from the pool emissions (Ghirardo et al, 2010;Taipale et al, 2011;Wu et al, 2017). Understanding the processes behind terpenoid emissions is essential to mechanistically connect environmental factors to VOC emissions when building mathematical models for the prediction of future VOC budgets for terrestrial ecosystems (Arneth & Niinemets, 2010;Grote et al, 2006;Grote & Niinemets, 2008;Guenther, 2013;Harrison et al, 2013;Monson, Grote, Niinemets, & Schnitzler, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origin of volatile organic compound emissions from subarctic tundra under global warming

Ghirardo

Lindstein

Koch

et al. 2020

Global Change Biology

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Warming occurs in the Arctic twice as fast as the global average, which in turn leads to a large enhancement in terpenoid emissions from vegetation. Volatile terpenoids are the main class of biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that play crucial roles in atmospheric chemistry and climate. However, the biochemical mechanisms behind the temperature‐dependent increase in VOC emissions from subarctic ecosystems are largely unexplored. Using 13CO2‐labeling, we studied the origin of VOCs and the carbon (C) allocation under global warming in the soil–plant–atmosphere system of contrasting subarctic heath tundra vegetation communities characterized by dwarf shrubs of the genera Salix or Betula. The projected temperature rise of the subarctic summer by 5°C was realistically simulated in sophisticated climate chambers. VOC emissions strongly depended on the plant species composition of the heath tundra. Warming caused increased VOC emissions and significant changes in the pattern of volatiles toward more reactive hydrocarbons. The 13C was incorporated to varying degrees in different monoterpene and sesquiterpene isomers. We found that de novo monoterpene biosynthesis contributed to 40%–44% (Salix) and 60%–68% (Betula) of total monoterpene emissions under the current climate, and that warming increased the contribution to 50%–58% (Salix) and 87%–95% (Betula). Analyses of above‐ and belowground 12/13C showed shifts of C allocation in the plant–soil systems and negative effects of warming on C sequestration by lowering net ecosystem exchange of CO2 and increasing C loss as VOCs. This comprehensive analysis provides the scientific basis for mechanistically understanding the processes controlling terpenoid emissions, required for modeling VOC emissions from terrestrial ecosystems and predicting the future chemistry of the arctic atmosphere. By changing the chemical composition and loads of VOCs into the atmosphere, the current data indicate that global warming in the Arctic may have implications for regional and global climate and for the delicate tundra ecosystems.

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<sup>13</sup>C labelling study of constitutive and stress-induced terpenoide missions from Norway spruce and Scots pine

Cited by 8 publications

References 56 publications

Analysis of the transcriptome of the needles and bark of Pinus radiata induced by bark stripping and methyl jasmonate

Analysis of the transcriptome of the needles and bark of Pinus radiata induced by bark stripping and methyl jasmonate

Metabolite Profile of Xylem Sap in Cotton Seedlings Is Changed by K Deficiency

Origin of volatile organic compound emissions from subarctic tundra under global warming

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&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C labelling study of constitutive and stress-induced terpenoide missions from Norway spruce and Scots pine

Cited by 8 publications

References 56 publications

Analysis of the transcriptome of the needles and bark of Pinus radiata induced by bark stripping and methyl jasmonate

Analysis of the transcriptome of the needles and bark of Pinus radiata induced by bark stripping and methyl jasmonate

Metabolite Profile of Xylem Sap in Cotton Seedlings Is Changed by K Deficiency

Origin of volatile organic compound emissions from subarctic tundra under global warming

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Product

Resources

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<sup>13</sup>C labelling study of constitutive and stress-induced terpenoide missions from Norway spruce and Scots pine