&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Letter to the Editor&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; Intense oceanic lightning

Füllekrug, Martin; Price, Colin; Yair, Yoav; Williams, E. R.

doi:10.5194/angeo-20-133-2002

Cited by 62 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(26 reference statements)

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“…In particular, the negative sprites appear to dominate in a broad area of the Caribbean Sea. Therefore, the sparsity of negative sprites in ground-based observations is likely a consequence of different capability of continental and oceanic/coastal thunderstorms in spawning negative CG strokes with sprite-producible iCMCs (e.g., Füllekrug et al 2002). As shown in also within the detection range of low-light-level observations from the nearby coast, and thus it is feasible to verify the dominance of negative sprites in this region through ground-based observations.…”

Section: Isual Sprites Produced By Positive and Negative Cg Strokesmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…The survey with Extremely Low-Frequency (ELF) electromagnetic radiation by Füllekrug et al (2002) also indicates that particularly strong negative strokes with charge moment changes > 2000 C km occur mostly over oceans. Chronis et al (2016) suggested that the relatively high strength of CG strokes over oceans is attributable to the enhanced potential of thunderstorms there.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, it is worthwhile to confirm whether there is a significant population of negative sprites over oceanic thunderstorms. Further space-borne observations of sprites, in coordination with the ground-based networks of low-light-level cameras and broadband sferic sensors, are desired to investigate the difference between continental and oceanic thunderstorms in sprite production (Füllekrug et al 2002). More efforts are necessary to reveal the difference between intense lightning strokes produced by continental and oceanic thunderstorms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of lightning strokes associated with sprites observed by ISUAL in the vicinity of North America

Lu¹,

Cummer²,

Chen³

et al. 2017

Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci.

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We examined the broadband (< 1 Hz to 30 kHz) lightning sferics associated with 395 sprites observed near North America by the Imager of Sprites and Upper Atmospheric Lightning (ISUAL) onboard the FORMOSAT-2 satellite in a 12-year period from 2004 -2015. Our analysis indicates that the ISUAL dataset contains a significant fraction (69, or ~18%) of negative sprites, which were predominantly (> 80%) observed over oceanic and coastal thunderstorms mostly in tropical areas. The mean and median of impulse charge moment change (iCMC) associated with positive (negative) sprites are +346 C km (-709 C km) and +280 C km (-649 C km), respectively. The morphology and parent lightning properties (e.g., typically with high peak currents > -80 kA and large iCMCs > -300 C km) of negative sprites observed by the ISUAL are generally consistent with that documented in ground-based observations, but the ISUAL dataset does imply that sprites are sometimes produced by negative strokes with sub-critical iCMCs (less than -300 C km). Consequently, the future survey of global occurrence of sprites is desired to be based on complementary ground and space-borne observations.

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Section: Isual Sprites Produced By Positive and Negative Cg Strokesmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of lightning strokes associated with sprites observed by ISUAL in the vicinity of North America

Lu¹,

Cummer²,

Chen³

et al. 2017

Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci.

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“…Although the vast majority (>90%) of lightning occurs over land (Christian et al, 2003), oceanic CG strokes generally have higher peak currents and larger charge moment changes than those over land (Füllekrug et al, 2002;Said et al, 2013). Therefore, the CG strokes produced by oceanic/coastal thunderstorms could be more efficient in driving electromagnetic coupling between troposphere and middle atmosphere.…”

Section: 1029/2018gl079576mentioning

confidence: 99%

Observations of Red Sprites Above Hurricane Matthew

Huang

Yue

et al. 2018

Geophysical Research Letters

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More than three dozen red sprites were captured above Hurricane Matthew on the nights of 1 and 2 October 2016 as it passed to the north of Venezuela after undergoing rapid intensification. Analyses using broadband magnetic fields indicate that all of the sprites were produced by positive cloud‐to‐ground (CG) strokes located within the outer rainbands as defined by relatively cold cloud top brightness temperatures (≤194 K). Negative CG strokes with impulse charge transfers exceeding the threshold of sprite production also existed, but the timescale of the charge transfer was not sufficiently long to develop streamers. The reported observations are contrary to the finding of the Imager of Sprites/Upper Atmospheric Lightning showing that sprites are preferentially produced by negative strokes in the same geographic region. Further ground‐based observations are desired to obtain additional insights into the convective regimes associated with the dominance of negative sprites in many oceanic and coastal thunderstorms.

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“…[11] These past studies of peak current distributions using NLDN data were limited by the geographic extent of the network. Füllekrug et al [2002] investigated very intense lightning on a global scale using a network of three magnetometers sensitive to extremely low frequency (ELF) waves and found that the majority of negative return strokes with large charge moments (-6 kC km to -2 kC km) occurred over the oceans. Global lightning climatologies have also been based on satellite measurements, such as the global lightning flash density map produced by Christian et al [2003] using satellite-based optical measurements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly intense lightning over the oceans: Estimated peak currents from global GLD360 observations

2013

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[1] We present the first global distribution of the average estimated peak currents in negative lightning flashes using 1 year of continuous data from the Vaisala global lightning data set GLD360. The data set, composed of 353 million flashes, was compared with the National Lightning Detection Network TM for peak current accuracy, location accuracy, and detection efficiency. The validation results demonstrated a mean (geometric mean) peak current magnitude error of 21% (6%), a median location accuracy of 2.5 km, and a relative ground flash detection efficiency of 57% averaged over all positive and negative reference flashes, and 67% for all reference flashes above 15 kA. The distribution of peak currents for negative flashes shifts to higher magnitudes over the ocean. Three case study 10 ı 10 ı regions are analyzed, in which the peak current enhancement is extremely sharp at the coastline, suggesting that the higher peak currents for oceanic lightning cannot be solely attributable to network artifacts such as detection efficiency and peak current estimation error. In these regions, the geometric mean and 95th percentile of the peak current distribution for negative cloud to ocean flashes is 22%-88% and 65%-121% higher, respectively, compared to cloud to ground flashes in nearby land regions. Globally, the majority of all negative flashes with estimated peak current magnitude above 75 kA occur over the ocean.Citation: Said, R. K., M. B. Cohen, and U. S. Inan (2013), Highly intense lightning over the oceans: Estimated peak currents from global GLD360 observations,

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<i>Letter to the Editor</i> Intense oceanic lightning

Cited by 62 publications

References 21 publications

Analysis of lightning strokes associated with sprites observed by ISUAL in the vicinity of North America

Analysis of lightning strokes associated with sprites observed by ISUAL in the vicinity of North America

Observations of Red Sprites Above Hurricane Matthew

Highly intense lightning over the oceans: Estimated peak currents from global GLD360 observations

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