&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Food Waste: Bio-crude oil Characterization, Mass and Energy Balance&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;

Bayat, Hengameh; Cheng, Feng; Dehghanizadeh, Mostafa; Soliz, N.; Brewer, Catherine E.; Jena, Umakanta

doi:10.13031/aim.201900974

Cited by 7 publications

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“…The biocrudes from isothermal HTL were largely composed of products that evaporated in the boiling range of diesel fuel. Bayat et al 21 also reported that a large fraction of biocrude oil from HTL food waste was in the diesel and lubricating oil range. Fast HTL, on the other hand, resulted in biocrudes with a much higher fraction of heavy compounds in the heavy gas oil range.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…19,20 Finally, Bayat et al conducted HTL on food waste, collected from New Mexico University's restaurant, to investigate optimized HTL conditions for biocrude yield and quality. 21 In all of these previous studies, however, the HTL temperature was always between 250 and 380 °C, and the reaction time was from 10 to 60 min. Water was typically in the liquid phase in these prior studies.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Effect of Process Variables on Food Waste Valorization via Hydrothermal Liquefaction

Motavaf

Savage

2021

ACS EST Eng.

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We examined hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of simulated food waste over a wide range of temperatures (200–600 °C), pressures (10.2–35.7 MPa), biomass loadings (2–20 wt %), and times (1–33 min). These conditions included water as vapor, saturated liquid, compressed liquid, and supercritical fluid and explored both isothermal and fast HTL. The highest biocrude yields (∼30 wt %) were from HTL near the critical temperature. The most severe reaction conditions (600 °C, 35.3 MPa, 30 min) gave biocrude with the largest heating value (36.5 MJ/kg) and transfer of up to 50% of the nitrogen and 68% of the phosphorus in the food mixture into the aqueous phase. Energy recovery in the biocrude exceeded 65% under multiple reaction conditions. Saturated fatty acids were the most abundant compounds in the light biocrude fraction under all the reaction conditions. Isothermal HTL gave a higher fraction of heavy compounds than fast HTL. A kinetic model for HTL of microalgae predicted 2/3 of the experimental biocrude yields from HTL of food waste to within ±5 wt %, and nearly 90% to within ±10 wt %. This predictive ability supports the hypothesis that biochemical composition of the feedstock is important input for a predictive HTL model.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Effect of Process Variables on Food Waste Valorization via Hydrothermal Liquefaction

Motavaf

Savage

2021

ACS EST Eng.

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“…The thermal behavior of all bio-crude samples was evaluated through thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. Based on previous studies, TGA was performed from 25 to 775 • C under an inert atmosphere [54]. Overall, 78 to 86% of the organics were volatilized before 400 • C, revealing the gasoline-, diesel-, jet fuel-, and marine fuel-loaded nature of the bio-crude.…”

Section: Tg Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Bio-Crude Production Improvement during Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Biopulp by Simultaneous Application of Alkali Catalysts and Aqueous Phase Recirculation

et al. 2021

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This study focuses on the valorization of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (biopulp) by hydrothermal liquefaction. Thereby, homogeneous alkali catalysts (KOH, NaOH, K2CO3, and Na2CO3) and a residual aqueous phase recirculation methodology were mutually employed to enhance the bio-crude yield and energy efficiency of a sub-critical hydrothermal conversion (350 °C, 15–20 Mpa, 15 min). Interestingly, single recirculation of the concentrated aqueous phase positively increased the bio-crude yield in all cases, while the higher heating value (HHV) of the bio-crudes slightly dropped. Compared to the non-catalytic experiment, K2CO3 and Na2CO3 effectively increased the bio-crude yield by 14 and 7.3%, respectively. However, KOH and NaOH showed a negative variation in the bio-crude yield. The highest bio-crude yield (37.5 wt.%) and energy recovery (ER) (59.4%) were achieved when K2CO3 and concentrated aqueous phase recirculation were simultaneously applied to the process. The inorganics distribution results obtained by ICP reveal the tendency of the alkali elements to settle into the aqueous phase, which, if recovered, can potentially boost the circularity of the HTL process. Therefore, wise selection of the alkali catalyst along with aqueous phase recirculation assists hydrothermal liquefaction in green biofuel production and environmentally friendly valorization of biopulp.

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“…Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a thermochemical valorization process that converts many types of biomass into an energy-dense bio-crude oil and co-products: gases, aqueous phase, and char. Among the feedstocks that have been studied are lignocellulosic biomass (Christensen et al, 2014;Zhu et al, 2014;Alhassan et al, 2016;Zhang et al, 2018;Cheng et al, 2020b), micro-and macro-algae (Zhou et al, 2010;Anastasakis and Ross, 2011;Duan and Savage, 2011;Jena et al, 2011;Vardon et al, 2011;Cheng et al, 2018), manure and animal byproducts (Chen et al, 2014;León et al, 2019), sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants (Snowden-Swan et al, 2016;Kapusta, 2018), and food processing waste (Déniel et al, 2016;Zhang et al, 2018;Bayat et al, 2019). HTL utilizes sub-critical water (200-370 • C; 10-30 MPa) to decompose complex macro-molecules into lowermolecular-weight products that then polymerize into larger compounds that form bio-crude oil.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Food Waste: Effect of Process Parameters on Product Yields and Chemistry

Bayat

Dehghanizadeh

Jarvis

et al. 2021

Front. Sustain. Food Syst.

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Increasing food waste generation (1.6 billion tons per year globally) due to urban and industrial development has prompted researchers to pursue alternative waste management methods. Energy valorization of food waste is a method that can reduce the environmental impacts of landfills and the global reliance on crude oil for liquid fuels. In this study, food waste was converted to bio-crude oil via hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) in a batch reactor at moderate temperatures (240–295°C), reaction times (0–60 min), and 15 wt.% solids loading. The maximum HTL bio-crude oil yield (27.5 wt.%), and energy recovery (49%) were obtained at 240°C and 30 min, while the highest bio-crude oil energy content (40.2 MJ/kg) was observed at 295°C. The properties of the bio-crude oil were determined using thermogravimetric analysis, fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection, CHNS elemental analysis, and ultrahigh-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectroscopy (FT-ICR MS). FT-ICR MS results indicated that the majority of the detected compounds in the bio-crude oil were oxygen-containing species. The O4 class was the most abundant class of heteroatom-containing compounds in all HTL bio-crude oil samples produced at 240°C; the O2 class was the most abundant class obtained at 265 and 295°C. The total FAME content of the bio-crude oil was 15–37 wt.%, of which the most abundant were palmitic acid (C16:0), palmitoleic acid (C16:1), stearic acid (C18:0), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (C18:3N:3, C18:3N:6).

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<i>Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Food Waste: Bio-crude oil Characterization, Mass and Energy Balance</i>

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Effect of Process Variables on Food Waste Valorization via Hydrothermal Liquefaction

Effect of Process Variables on Food Waste Valorization via Hydrothermal Liquefaction

Bio-Crude Production Improvement during Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Biopulp by Simultaneous Application of Alkali Catalysts and Aqueous Phase Recirculation

Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Food Waste: Effect of Process Parameters on Product Yields and Chemistry

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