&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Aflatoxin&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; M1 (&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Aspergillus parasiticus, flavus&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;) Occurrences in Milk and Milk Products and Its Possible Health Effects

Bukari, Nafisatu; Kwofie, Mabel Kyei; Adeboye, Oluwaseyi

doi:10.4236/aim.2020.1010038

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 64 publications

(81 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The presence of mold contamination not only degrades the quality of food and animal feed, but it can also have adverse effects on human health. The potential health risks associated with AFM1 exposure have been widely documented in previous studies [ 28 , 29 ]. High levels of AFM1 exposure were associated with an increased risk of liver cancer [ 30 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Box–Behnken Design for Assessing the Efficiency of Aflatoxin M1 Detoxification in Milk Using Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Salem-Bekhit,

Riad,

Selim

et al. 2023

Life

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Milk contaminated with aflatoxin can lead to liver cancer. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a serious animal feed contaminant, is transformed into Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and secreted in milk. In this study, a biological method using probiotic bacteria, Lactobacillus rhamnosus (L. rhamnosus) in combination with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae), was used to assess their antiaflatoxigenic effect in animal milk. A Box–Behnken design was used to establish the optimal ratio of L. rhamnosus and S. cerevisiae, incubation time, and temperature for efficient AFM1 detoxification from milk. To achieve this, the primary, interaction, and quadratic effects of the chosen factors were investigated. To investigate the quadratic response surfaces, a second-order polynomial model was built using a three-factor, three-level Box–Behnken design. The quantity of AFM1 was detected by the ELISA technique. The results of these experiments obtained an optimum condition in AFM1 detoxification of the three tested factors in order to maximize their effect on AFM1 detoxification in milk. The model was tested in three highly contaminated milk samples to assure the efficacy of the model. AFM1 detoxification was up to 98.4% in contaminated milk samples. These promising results provide a safe, low-cost, and low-time-consuming solution to get rid of the problem of milk contamination with AFM1.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous research has also documented the occurrence of AFM1 contamination in dairy products, including raw milk [ 28 ]. Our study was comparable to research performed by Busman et al [ 32 ] who stated that 24 out of 26 raw milk samples were contaminated with AFM1.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Box–Behnken Design for Assessing the Efficiency of Aflatoxin M1 Detoxification in Milk Using Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Salem-Bekhit,

Riad,

Selim

et al. 2023

Life

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…About 0.3% to 6.2% of AFB1 is converted to AFM1 and classified as a cause of human liver cancer. Excretion of AFM1 in milk can take 12 -24 hours after the ingestion of AFB1; however, there is a decrease in concentration after 72 hours (Fallah et al, 2011;Alahlah et al, 2020;Bukari et al, 2020). AFM1 is resistant to autoclaving, pasteurization, and thermal inactivation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of aflatoxin in raw and pasteurized milk by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in central Ethiopia

Kebede,

Bacha,

Tefera

et al. 2024

Ethiop. Vet. J.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Aflatoxins are a group of structurally related mycotoxins produced by the Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, and Aspergillus nomius species as secondary metabolites. Well-known forms of Aflatoxin are AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, and AFM2. aflatoxin B1 is the most prevalent one. It can be metabolized in the liver and excreted as aflatoxin M1 in milk. Both forms have mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. In Ethiopia, there is limited information on the occurrence and contamination level of aflatoxin in raw and pasteurized milk. The present study was conducted in the Addis Ababa milk shed area to detect and quantify the level of Aflatoxin M1 in raw and pasteurized milk. A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2020 to May 2021 on a total of 114 cow milk samples consisting of 60 raw milk and 54 pasteurized milk samples with the aim of detecting and quantifying the amount of aflatoxin M1 in raw and pasteurized milk in central Ethiopia by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using C18 column with fluorescence detector. AFM1 was detected in 79 (69.3%) of the 114 tested milk samples. The maximum and mean concentrations were 0.893 µg/L and 0.0465 µg/L, respectively. 25.4% of them contain AFM1 above the maximum limit of EU (0.05 µg/L), and 1.8% contained above the maximum limit of CES278 and FDA (0.5 µg/L). 26.7% of the samples from Sebata and 6.7% from Sululta contain above the maximum limit of EU (0.05 µg/L). Higher contamination of AFM1 was detected in pasteurized milk (96.3%) than in raw milk (16.7%). 35.2% of pasteurized and 16% of raw milk contained AFM1 above the maximum limit of EU0.05 µg /L. The study results showed a significant difference in AFM1 occurrence with feed type, storage time, and milk type. The current AFM1 concentration level in raw and pasteurized milk was not safe for human consumption in the study areas. Due to its heat resistance, AFM1 is found in pasteurized milk and has great health effects. Creating awareness of feed management for feed producers and farmers and developing risk mitigation methods are crucial in order to reduce public health threats.

show abstract

“…However, when AFB1 is produced by fungi and when animals digest contaminated feed, their liver metabolizes the AFB1 into hydroxylated aflatoxin-AFM1 which, if the animal is milking, will be secreted out into milk. Milk and dairy products play a vital role in human daily meals, it is important to bring issues to light health risks to all actors who work in the dairy value chain (Serraiono et al 2019;Bukari et al 2020;Djekic et al 2020). AFs are classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as Group 1 carcinogens to humans (IARC, 2009;Ismail et al 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…AFM1 can be carried out with the circulation system to the mammary glands and let down into milk (Min et al 2021). Bukari et al (2020), found that about 0.3 % -6.2 % of AFM1 can be excreted in milk if the cow is milking. Also, the prevalence of AFM1 in raw milk can be revealed 12-24 hours after ingestion and absorption of feed polluted with AFB1.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Lactation Period and Parity Order on Aflatoxin M1 in Milk from Smallholder Farms in Enrekang, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Sadam,

Malaka,

Baco

et al. 2023

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Aflatoxins (AFs) are naturally toxic compounds produced by a specific type of fungi, which subsequently contaminate foods and animal feeds, potentially carcinogenic to humans. This study aimed to assess the effect of lactation period and parity order on Aflatoxin AFM1 and the association between them through smallholder dairy farms in addition to aflatoxin M1 in local cheese “DANGKE” and Aflatoxin B1 in animal feed samples from Enrekang, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. A total of 39 raw cow milk samples and 12 and 16 roughage and concentrated feed samples were randomly obtained from smallholder dairy farms in Enrekang and they were examined in terms of AFM1 and AFB1 using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method. The prevalence of Aflatoxin B1 in roughage animal feed was 8.33%, with a concentration range of 7.32µ/kg above the limit of detection. The concentrated feed has a different amount of Aflatoxin B1 according to the type of feed used in the farm ranging from 6.04 to 58.74µ/kg with a mean of 27.8µ/kg and representing 37.5% for all concentrated feed samples. The prevalence of Aflatoxin M1 in milk revealed that 69.2% of samples were positive ranging from 3.08±4.35 to 7.95±0.24µ/kg with a mean 5.05±3.50µ/kg above a limit of detection. All samples from cheese showed negative results for AFM1. However, 3(50%) of positive concentrated feed samples exceeded the European Union (EU) regulation of 20µ/kg for dairy animal feed, the roughage feed samples and all of the concentrated feed samples were under Indonesian National Standard (SNI) of 200µ/kg, these three samples namely commercial concentrate and rice bran they include about 57.18, 30.98 and 58.74µ/kg, respectively. Therefore, all raw milk-positive samples were above the limits of the Indonesian national standard of 0.5µ/kg, and above EU and USA limits of 0.05 and 0.50 µg/kg, respectively for raw cow milk. The results showed that no relation between the amount of aflatoxin M1 and lactation period and parity order (P˃0.05). In contrast, the interaction of lactation period and parity order significantly (P<0.05) affected aflatoxin M1 in raw cow milk. Further research is needed to explore the association between the aflatoxin lactation period and parity order. The study revealed a high prevalence of aflatoxin contamination in animal feeds and raw cow milk, suggesting a potential health risk to consumers. Therefore, it is vital to increase awareness and knowledge on Aflatoxin, proper handling, storage, and monitoring of feeds among the stakeholders in the dairy value chain.

show abstract

<i>Aflatoxin</i> M1 (<i>Aspergillus parasiticus, flavus</i>) Occurrences in Milk and Milk Products and Its Possible Health Effects

Cited by 5 publications

References 64 publications

Box–Behnken Design for Assessing the Efficiency of Aflatoxin M1 Detoxification in Milk Using Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Box–Behnken Design for Assessing the Efficiency of Aflatoxin M1 Detoxification in Milk Using Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Detection of aflatoxin in raw and pasteurized milk by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in central Ethiopia

Effect of Lactation Period and Parity Order on Aflatoxin M1 in Milk from Smallholder Farms in Enrekang, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About