Amoxicillin Increased Functional Pathway Genes and Beta-Lactam Resistance Genes by Pathogens Bloomed in Intestinal Microbiota Using a Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem

Abstract

Liu et al. AMX Influences Intestinal Microbiota in SHIME gene numbers (R = 0.98, P < 0.001) or bl2_len and bl2be_shv2 abundance (R = 0.94, P < 0.001); (iii) the changes caused by AMX were "SHIME-compartment" different with more significant alteration in ascending colon, and the effects were permanent, which could not be restored after 2-week AMX discontinuance. Overall results demonstrated negative side-effects of AMX, which should be considered for AMX prescription.

Evaluation of the combined antibiotics exposure using the simulator of human intestinal microbial ecosystem (SHIME)

“…Our previous in vitro studies also discovered this phenomenon [36,37]. At the genus level, it has been veri ed in our previous study that after Amx exposure, Bacteroides and Klebsiella were enriched in the intestinal ora, while the abundance of Bi dobacterium was reduced [37]. These data related to Amx effects can also be supported by early reports [22,38,39].…”

“…For in vivo studies, highest percentage of Proteobacteria had also been observed in fecal samples from healthy human and animals [34,35]. Our previous in vitro studies also discovered this phenomenon [36,37]. At the genus level, it has been veri ed in our previous study that after Amx exposure, Bacteroides and Klebsiella were enriched in the intestinal ora, while the abundance of Bi dobacterium was reduced [37].…”

“…For instance, the abundance of Klebsiella and Pseudomonas has declined, while the abundance of Bacteroides has increased. Our previous study showed that the abundance of Klebsiella in the intestinal ora indeed reduced in natural recovery condition, while compared with initial control group, the decrease of Bi dobacterium and the increase of Klebsiella and Bacteroides caused by Amx exposure were still obvious [37]. Our previous research also compared the recovery effects of natural condition with fecal bacteria transplantation, which indicated that the changes in intestinal ora caused by vancomycin exposure did not recover to the initial state while the recovery effects of fecal bacteria transplantation were obvious [36].…”

Human gut microbiota evaluation and comparation after the separate or combined antibiotics exposure using the simulator of human intestinal microbial ecosystem (SHIME)

“…The effects of antibiotics on alpha diversity, the taxon richness (Chao1 index), evenness (Simpson index), and diversity (Shannon index) were calculated for all the samples as previous did [91,92]. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) was performed to determine bacterial taxa that were signi cantly differed between the six groups using the Galaxy application tool [93].…”

“…High-throughput-qPCR reactions were performed using the Wafergen SmartChip Real-time PCR system as previous did [91,92]. The reactions were conducted by Anhui MicroAnaly Gene Technologies Co., Ltd (Anhui, China).…”