Amoxicillin impact on pathophysiology induced by short term high salt diet in mice

Abstract

Current evidence emerging from both human and animal models confirms that high-salt diet consumption over a period modulates the gut ecology and subsequently accelerates the development of the pathophysiology of many metabolic diseases. The knowledge of short-term intake of a high-salt diet (HSD) on gut microbiota and their role in the progression of metabolic pathogenesis and the consequence of a typical course of common antibiotics in this condition has yet not been investigated. The present study elicited this knowledge gap by studying how the gut microbiota profile changes in mice receiving HSD for a short period followed by Amoxicillin treatment on these mice in the last week to mimic a typical treatment course of antibiotics. In this study, we provided a standard chow diet (CD) and HSD for 3 weeks, and a subset of these mice on both diets received antibiotic therapy with Amoxicillin in the 3rd week. We measured the body weight of mice for 3 weeks. After 21 days, all animals were euthanised and subjected to a thorough examination for haemato-biochemical, histopathological, and 16S rRNA sequencing, followed by bioinformatics analysis to determine any changes in gut microbiota ecology. HSD exposure in mice for short duration even leads to a significant difference in the gut ecology with enrichment of specific gut microbiota crucially linked to developing the pathophysiological features of metabolic disease-related inflammation. In addition, HSD treatment showed a negative impact on haemato-biochemical parameters. However, Amoxicillin treatment in HSD-fed mice restored the blood-biochemical markers near to control values and reshaped gut microbiota known for improving the pathophysiological attributes of metabolic disease related inflammation. This study also observed minimal and insignificant pathological changes in the heart, liver, and kidney in HSD-fed mice.

Assessing the short-term impact of a high-fat, high-salt diet on the gut bacteria and related pathophysiology in mice

“…The pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome induced by the consumption of a diet rich in fat and salt has become a major health concern due to the increasing risk of many chronic diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases [33,34]. In the long run, a diet rich in fat and salt increases cholesterol levels, blood sugar levels, triglyceride levels, chronic in ammation, and modulation of gut ecology [35][36][37].…”

“…HSD-fed mice showed a decrease in abundance of Ruminococcus gnavus, which is known to produce a polysaccharide that stimulates in ammatory cytokines and induces in ammatory bowel disease. [34]. A well-known correlation exists between Allobaculum and ANGPTL4 expression that contributes to obesity-related metabolic disorders [76].…”

A short-term high-sugar diet is an aggravating factor in experimental allergic contact dermatitis

“…The animals and feed were weighed three times a week. The 15-day diet time was considered short-term based on the terminology of the scientific literature [ [23] , [24] , [25] ].…”

Crosstalk between Gut Microbiota and Host Immunity: Impact on Inflammation and Immunotherapy

“…A study by Hu et al showed that chronic high salt intake led to enteric dysbiosis; particularly, the percentages of Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes were markedly altered, and HSD caused gut leakiness, renal injury, and systolic blood pressure elevation [178]. Another recent study showed that administering HSD to mice for 3 weeks caused a significant increase in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio and Proteobacteria [179], both of which are classic markers of gut microbiota dysbiosis and are associated with metabolic disorders. Similarly, another study showed that HSD increased the F/B ratio and abundances of Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcus but decreased the abundance of Lactobacillus [177].…”