Amount of Nicotine and Carbon Monoxide Inhaled by Smokers of Low-Tar, Low-Nicotine Cigarettes

Ebert, Richard V.; McNabb, McKendree E.; McCusker, Kevin; Snow, Sharon L.

doi:10.1001/jama.1983.03340200074034

Cited by 55 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Nicotine intake varied widely between subjects and bore little relation to the standard machine-smoked yields of their cigarettes. This was not unexpected since it is well-known that the plasma nicotine and cotinine concentrations of smokers also vary greatly and have little correlation with the nicotine yields of the cigarettes they smoke Ebert et al, 1983;Benowitz et al, 1983). When one subject smoked at a higher rate, three cigarettes per hour, he absorbed only 0.77 mg nicotine per cigarette compared with 1.28 mg per cigarette when smoking two per hour.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Nicotine pharmacokinetics and its application to intake from smoking.

Feyerabend¹,

Rm²,

Russel³

1985

Brit J Clinical Pharma

154

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1 Five subjects were given 25 ,ug/kg nicotine intravenously over 1 min, before and after a loading period involving the smoking of six cigarettes. 2 Plasma nicotine concentrations declined in a biphasic manner, the half-lives of the initial and terminal phases averaging 9 min and 133 min respectively. 3 Terminal half-lives before and after the loading period were essentially the same suggesting the absence of saturation kinetics at nicotine concentrations that build up during smoking. 4 The plasma clearance of nicotine and the volume of distribution were very high averaging 915 ml/min and 173 1, respectively. 5 Two approaches were used to calculate the nicotine intake from smoking. The average dose of nicotine absorbed from one cigarette was 1.06 mg which was 82% of the standard machine-smoked yield of 1.3 mg. 6 To illustrate their potential use in 'nicotine titration' studies, these approaches were used to compare nicotine intake from smoking a high (2.4 mg) and low (0.6 mg) nicotine cigarette. The dose of nicotine absorbed averaged 1.14 mg and 0.86 mg per cigarette respectively, being 48% and 143% of the machine-smoked yields.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Nicotine pharmacokinetics and its application to intake from smoking.

Feyerabend¹,

Rm²,

Russel³

1985

Brit J Clinical Pharma

154

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“…The mean nicotine plasma elimination half-life of 2.3 h makes the determination of nicotine sensitive to short-term sampling variables and dependent on the time at which the last cigarette was smoked (71). As a consequence, most studies find only weak correlations between nicotine concentrations in blood and the nominal nicotine yield of cigarettes determined by machine smoking (36,47,49,52,55), and between blood nicotine concentrations and the selfreported number of cigarettes smoked per day (47,271). Nicotine concentrations in plasma are not significantly correlated with either cotinine or trans-3'-hydroxycotinine concentrations in plasma; however, cotinine and trans-3'hydroxycotinine concentrations in plasma are significantly correlated (r = 0.62, p < 0.001) (87).…”

Section: Bloodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomarkers Derived from Nicotine and its Metabolites: A Review

Tricker

2006

Contributions to Tobacco &Amp; Nicotine Research

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Nicotine is the major alkaloid present in tobacco and the most frequently determined compound as a biomarker of tobacco exposure in both smokers and non-smokers exposed to environmental tobacco smoke. Current knowledge on the human metabolism and disposition kinetics of nicotine is reviewed, together with methods for the determination of nicotine and various metabolites in different human biological fluids and matrices. Only short-term biomarkers of nicotine exposure exist and long-term biomarkers of exposure such as the incorporation of nicotine and cotinine into human hair, toenails and deciduous teeth require further investigation. Determination of ‘nicotine boost’, the difference in blood nicotine concentrations that occur after smoking a single cigarette, provides an experimental indication of individual smoking behaviour, but is unsuitable for population studies. The determination of nicotine plus multiple phase I and phase II metabolites in 24-hour urine, often expressed as ‘nicotine equivalents’, provides the most accurate way to determine exposure to nicotine in smokers; however, few laboratories are equipped to perform the complex analysis required for this purpose. Nicotine equivalents can be used to estimate the uptake of nicotine from a cigarette in both individuals and in population studies. Despite recent advancements in analytical methodology and the possibility of determining multiple nicotine metabolites in various biological fluids, determination of cotinine, the major metabolite of nicotine, is likely to remain the most commonly used approach to assess exposure to tobacco smoke in both smokers and non-smokers. Representative data for cotinine in blood, saliva and urine of smokers and non-smokers are presented.

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“…In actuality, many persons who smoke low 'tar' and 'nicotine' cigarettes compensate for lower nicotine delivery by smoking more (Benowitz et al, 1983(Benowitz et al, , 1986a(Benowitz et al, , 1998Ebert et al, 1983;Gritz et al, 1983). Exposures do not seem to be different for lower tar users who compensate (Djordjevic et al, 1995(Djordjevic et al, , 1997.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%