Amount and Distribution of Hydrocyanic Acid Potential during the Life Cycle of Plants of Three Sorghum Cultivars<sup>1</sup>

Loyd, Robert C.; Gray, Elmer

doi:10.2134/agronj1970.00021962006200030025x

Cited by 44 publications

(30 citation statements)

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“…Corresponding averages for etiolated seedlings were 61 ± 4% and 90 ± 2%. The observation that a preponderance of the seedling's HCN was present in the shoot agrees with the reports of Akazawa et al (1960) and Loyd and Gray (1970 It appears that seedlings must be grown in the light for more than 5 d for differences in HCN-p to be fully expressed. 3.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

Seed Weight Influence on Seedling Hydrocyanic Acid Potential in Sorghum

Lamb¹,

Haskins²,

Gorz³

et al. 1991

Crop Science

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Grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) typically produces larger seeds than sudangrass [S. bicolor, formerly S. sudanense (Piper) Stapf]; and grain sorghum seedlings are higher in hydrocyanic acid potential (HCN‐p) than sudangrass seedlings. Previous studies have shown a seed‐parent effect on seed weight and HCN‐p in reciprocal F1 hybrids of sorghum ✕ sudangrass. This study was conducted to determine whether the seed‐parent effect on HCN‐p could be attributed primarily to the difference in seed size between reciprocal sorghum ✕ sudangrass hybrids. Large and small seeds of low‐HCN‐p sudangrass, high‐HCN‐p sorghum, and their reciprocal hybrids, were visually selected, individually weighed, and planted in growth chambers. Height, fresh weight, and HCN‐p of the resulting 7‐d‐old shoots were measured. On average, the selected large seeds weighed ≈1.6 times as much as the small seeds. Shoots from the large seeds were ≈1.2 times as tall and 1.4 times as heavy as those from small seeds, and they contained ≈1.3 times as much HCN per shoot as did shoots from small seeds. However, the HCN‐p (mg kg−1 fresh wt.) of the shoots from large seeds was only slightly greater than that of shoots from small seeds (709 and 701 for first leaves of shoots, and 278 and 267 for shoot remainders from large and small seeds, respectively). Shoots from 5‐d‐old light‐grown and etiolated seedlings also failed to show appreciable differences in HCNp due to seed size. It was concluded that the seed‐parent effect on shoot HCN‐p in crosses of sorghum and sudangrass was not caused primarily by the seed‐parent effect on seed weight.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

Seed Weight Influence on Seedling Hydrocyanic Acid Potential in Sorghum

Lamb¹,

Haskins²,

Gorz³

et al. 1991

Crop Science

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“…Past research, some of which dates back to the early 1900s, has shown that young plants and new regrowth are higher in HCN-p than mature leaves (1,8,9). It is not surprising, therefore, that in the present study, HCN-p values obtained for leaves from tillers and young regrowth (Table 2) were much higher than those for older leaves ( Table 1).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal Variation in Leaf Hydrocyanic Acid Potential of Low‐ and High‐Dhurrin Sorghums¹

Haskins¹,

Gorz²

1987

Crop Science

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The KS8 and N32 sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] lines are low and high, respectively, in the hydrocyanic acid potential (HCN-p) of mature leaves. This difference is conditioned primarily by a single pair of alleles. The main objective of this study was to determine, at various stages of plant growth and various times during the growing season, the HCN-p of upper leaves and tillers of fieldgrown plants of these two parental lines and of two Iow-HCNop Fl ines derived from crosses between KS8 and N32. The four entries were grown in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 1985. Samples of leaf tissue were dried, ground, and extracted, and cyanide in the extracts was assayed colorimetricaily. Using a mean HCN-p level of 500 mg kg-~ dry wt to separate safe from unsafe sorghum forage, all samples of KS8 mature leaves and tillers would be considered safe, and all N32 samples would be considered potentially dangerous. Values for most of the samples of the F.~ lines fell within the safe range, but some samples of young regrowth exceeded the 500 mg kg-~ limit. Regressions of HCN-p on height for upper leaves of main stems and of tillers indicated a significant negative relationship for all entries except for leaves from the main stems of KS8. However, the relationship was not close enough to support the use of plant or tiller height as a reliable indicator of HCN-p. Levels of HCN-p also were determined for mature leaves and young regrowth of hybrids involving KS8, N32, and 'Redlan' sorghums as seed parents and NP25, 'Piper,' and 'Greenleaf' sudangrasses [S. sudanense (Piper) Stapf] as pollinators. Results indicated that for minimizing the risk of cyanide poisoning, KS8 would be the seed parent of choice, and NP25 and Piper would be the preferred pollinators.

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“…Genetic Differences in HCN-p In a similar experiment, Loyd and Gray (9) found that concentration of HCN-p in above ground plant parts was highest one week after emergence and gradually decreased as the plant parts became older. The HCN-p of roots was highest at the first sampling, tended to decrease during the next three weeks, and then remained around this level as the plants became older.…”

Section: Toxicity Of Hcnmentioning

confidence: 89%

Hydrocyanic Acid Potential of Black Cherry Leaves¹

Smeathers

Gray²,

James³

1973

Agronomy Journal

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Black cherry (Prunus serotina L.) leaves have been reported to be a cause of hydrocyanic acid poisoning of livestock. It has been widely accepted that cherry leaves must be wilted before they are toxic to cattle. A study was conducted during the 1971 growing season at Bowling Green, Kentucky to determine the level of hydrocyanic acid potential (HCN‐p) in black cherry leaves and to ascertain the effect of wilting of leaves on HCN‐p. Average HCN‐p of fresh leaves from six black cherry trees was highest (2472 ppm) in the spring and decreased rather consistently during the growing season. Average HCN‐p was high in fresh leaves and was intermediate and low in leaves air‐dried for 24 and 48 hours, respectively. A negative relationship was found between level of HCN‐p and dry matter percentage. There were no consistent differences among the six cherry trees for HCN‐p of leaves. These results indicate that wilted leaves should be safer than fresh leaves for cattle consumption.

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Amount and Distribution of Hydrocyanic Acid Potential during the Life Cycle of Plants of Three Sorghum Cultivars¹

Cited by 44 publications

References 1 publication

Seed Weight Influence on Seedling Hydrocyanic Acid Potential in Sorghum

Seed Weight Influence on Seedling Hydrocyanic Acid Potential in Sorghum

Seasonal Variation in Leaf Hydrocyanic Acid Potential of Low‐ and High‐Dhurrin Sorghums¹

Hydrocyanic Acid Potential of Black Cherry Leaves¹

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Amount and Distribution of Hydrocyanic Acid Potential during the Life Cycle of Plants of Three Sorghum Cultivars1

Cited by 44 publications

References 1 publication

Seed Weight Influence on Seedling Hydrocyanic Acid Potential in Sorghum

Seed Weight Influence on Seedling Hydrocyanic Acid Potential in Sorghum

Seasonal Variation in Leaf Hydrocyanic Acid Potential of Low‐ and High‐Dhurrin Sorghums1

Hydrocyanic Acid Potential of Black Cherry Leaves1

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Amount and Distribution of Hydrocyanic Acid Potential during the Life Cycle of Plants of Three Sorghum Cultivars¹

Seasonal Variation in Leaf Hydrocyanic Acid Potential of Low‐ and High‐Dhurrin Sorghums¹

Hydrocyanic Acid Potential of Black Cherry Leaves¹