“…However, there are some limitations and deficiencies for graphite, i.e., its low electrochemical properties, poor rate performance and relatively low theoretical capacity of 372 mAh/g [5,6] . In the past one decade, the transitionmetal oxides have drawn considerable attention because of their high capacities, such as TiO 2 , SnO 2 , GeO 2 , Nb x O y , Fe x O y , Mn x O y [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] . Among them, Mn x O y (MnO 2 , Mn 3 O 4 , Mn 2 O 3 , MnO) has received special attention due to its high specific capacity, abundant resources, environmental friendliness, and cost-effectiveness [18] .…”